How was paper first made and how has it effected our world Essay

How was paper first made and how has it effected our world - Essay Example He made paper from textile waste i.e. rag and propagated paper. In those days the paper was also made from the bark of mulberry tree. The oldest paper making technique comes from China where pulp was poured into a primitive mould. The Chinese paper making technique spread throughout the world, be it Korea, South East Asia, Arabia or Europe. It was in Europe that paper got it shape as we know paper today. (Holick, Herbert.2006; Popular Science - Vol.124.1934) In the olden times, paper held great importance and paper making was an art and was kept as secret because of its immense advantages. It was an important mode of communication, i.e. a carrier of information. With time paper making has changed and every step in the process has been re-engineered too with the aim of producing a better quality of paper. (Holick, Herbert.2006) After modern paper invention in China further work was done on effective paper making techniques. China introduced many types of special papers. After Chinese developments in paper making, paper made its way all over the world. In every region and place it was developed and improved. European industrialization and mechanization added many aspects to paper making and wide uses of paper were discovered during 16th and 17th century. With the invention of printing and press media in the 14th century a new dimension was given to the creation of paper. The first paper machine was invented in 1799, which was further developed in England and USA. With the passage of time and growth in technology giant presses and publication houses were made which made the availability of newspaper, books, journals and magazines possible today. (Holick, Herbert.2006) The world wide consumption of paper has grown tremendously over years. The paper is consumed in different patterns depending upon their social, economical and technical needs. A large variety of paper grades and types are

Wireless Data Entry System Analysis

Wireless Data Entry System Analysis Grand Wine Limited is a dealer to supply various types of Wine through sales representatives around 400 independent wine and liquor store in the state. Through sales representatives they collect data and information about the requirement of delivery of Wines to the customers by shipment. Device which is able to store data or pass the data wireless to remote server is wireless data entry device. This is a very popular device in todays market for data entry system. In the market there are various wireless data entry devices available but we have to select such particular device which is affordable as well as can cover our task requirement. Since our sales representatives are suffering some problems with data transferring from client to our head office which is taking time and more effort, we are going to implement a wireless data entry system so that with out loosing time and loosing any data out representatives can contact to head office easily. For this process we require a remote server located in our head office and wireless data entry device for each representative so that they can connect to companys central database in Sydney. Sales representatives can collect data from various retailers in Sydney and pass the data to server in no time so that it saves time, eff ort, travelling cost as well. Through this process there is very less chance of data loss because data storage system by humans can create human errors but this system directly stores data in device as well as server. Sales representatives can double their work as they dont have to come back and through to store data and send sent it to central data base. In fact it will reduce cost by reducing faxing and phone call which can be benefited to company for long term. 1.2.2 Wireless data entry system and its function As we know the term wireless means with out use of wire, so wireless data entry system will utilize wireless technology to receive and send data from server. As per networking principle we will be using a remote server which will be located in the company central data base office Sydney. Each sales representative will be provided with each particular wireless data entry device to perform their task. We will be using a device called SPT 1800 as our wireless data entry device. SPT 1800 is a portable wireless device which uses palm operating system. It has got wireless WAN, Bluetooth and WWAN functions to connect to server. As it has barcode reader capacity also representatives can easily find the details of product by scanning and sending to server so it minimises the data loss or error. Being a portable device staffs can collect data in any place and any time and send it to main server in Sydney. 1.3 Justification- Wireless Data entry system and important features for Grand Wines Limited- The wireless data entry system implementation on Grand Wines Limited can be very beneficial in various aspects. When wires data entry system is used first thing is company can cut few staff that was doing processing of data to and fro by fax, email, and phone or by post. There will be no time delay to send data from representatives to company office do start the business. Company can save huge amount of money on use of fax and post as well. When wireless technology is implemented there is no more need to fax the data or email data or post data. In other hand the time frame of data transfer is also slow with current system thats why company is not able to do proper business. There is wastage of time between a representative send data to Company office and they again respond back. In fact when a store is running out of particular type of Wine today, the representative can collect data and send to Central office so it takes some time or day so that company gets order and place shipment of product. In this way company is delaying its delivery. But with wireless data entry system a representative can contact or send required data to Central database system so it takes no time to implement the work in time. So it seems more effective and profitable for Grand Wines Limited in overall view. 2. Business case study for Grand Wine Limited in wireless data entry system project- Grand Wine Limited has realised various demerits of recent data entry system which directly or indirectly caused loos to company. As the management of this company decided to change the recent data entry system with new market demand, they have planned to implement wireless data entry system in the company. 20 sales representatives, who are collecting various data like stock needed from various retailers, can send the data instantly to Sydney based head office so company can do delivery quicker. So company can go ahead with other business competitors as well increase their business more. 2.1 Business Objectives- For Grand Wine Limited the implementation of this wireless data entry system will ultimately leads to business growth and profit. This technology will decrease the delay time for the stock delivery to retailers so company can cope with market demand properly without loosing customers. 2.2 SWOT Analysis- 2.2.1 Strength: As the delay in delivery time will be reduced from company to retailers, this technology will directly increase the sales and make customer happy. All sales representatives can communicate to company for stock delivery, stock available and other important data in no time so it can save company other cost like faxing, telephone, etc using wireless technology. 2.2.2 Weakness- Use of wireless system may reduce the directly contact of sales representatives to Main Delivery Office like phone and fax which can be cause for some misunderstanding between deliveries. In the time of network error there might be problem for transferring data, which can lead to loss of some data as well as delay in delivery. 2.2.3 Opportunities- Implementation of this wireless system will save the time of sales representatives to go and through the received data in-order to send the data to Central Office for implementation. So that sales representatives can go and collect more data in same time and process the data to Company. And also Sales representatives can know when the stock is arriving or any further details needed to be collected which can save lots of time as well as money for like transportation and communication. They can process data 24/7 so there is very less chance to be delayed for stock delivery. 2.2.4 Threats- Company might need to hire a server supervisor which can increase company cost. As there is no physically contact between sales representatives between companies after implementing wireless system every data will be transferred by wireless technology, so there is more threats that data errors may occur like sales representative may order certain item by mistake but still company will send the delivery which may cost extra for company. 3. Project Charter- Project title- Wireless data entry system Start date of project-01/01/2011 Finish date of project-01/06/1011 Budget- Available budget for project is $100,000 Project Manager- Om Ghimire, 0401782576, [emailprotected] Objective of the project- Wireless data entry system and its use in Grand Wine Limited is to decrease the loss of time between sending and receiving data from sales representatives (who collect data from various retailers) to head supply office for the required shipment of the needed product on time. This application can be effective in the incensement of orders because there is high risk of loss of data or chances of human error in old data entry system. Delivery speed, accuracy of order, available stock including satisfaction of customer can be main objective and out come of the project. There is high necessity of coping with other emerging companies for Grand Wine Limited by increasing its capacity and ability with advancement of technology use. Success Measures- . Project completes with in 01/06/2011 . Project completes with given budget that is $100,000 . Stake holder of this project is satisfied at the end of project . Increment of sales of Grand Wine Limited by implementation of this system .customer satisfied Roles- Approach- .Surveying about the use of remote data entry system .Develop software to check if the some information in data entry is missing .Analyse the appropriate pay back period of Grand Wine Limited with reduced cost. .Train customer service staffs about the use of remote data entry system and device. Sign-off- In this all above stakeholders should sign in the respected part in the table. Comments- As a project manager I will allocate all the resource available according to need of project, so I will need all staffs working as my guidelines. Om Ghimire Part B- Scope Management 1.1 preliminary scope statements- Title of project- wireless data entry system Date: 01/01/2011 Prepared by: Om Ghimire, PM, 0401782576, [emailprotected] Justification of project- The wireless data entry system implementation project for Grand Wine Limited will save lots of money and time of the company. After completion of this project the company will definitely increase its income or sales because the sales representatives will be able to order the required stock in shortest amount of time for delivery. The budget of this project that is $100,000 has least time of pay back period. Requirements: 1. Server- For the implementation of this project, the remote server is required in head office for data storage and transfer. 2. Application- For the use of server we might require data entry software or application in our server as well as data entry devices. 3. Hardware- As hardware we will need some computers as well as wireless data entry devices. 4.Security- As wireless technology is with high risk about security system, we need some security mechanism to monitor our system as well as data 5.Ulternate power supply and back up or disaster recovery plan- Computerized data entry system needs continuous power supply, so we need a alternate power supply incase of power failure and we need back up of data in case of system failure. Project Deliverables Deliverables related to Project management- business case study, project charter, contract, scope statement, work breakdown structure, scheduling, budgeting, presentation of final project, report for project, report of lessons-learned, including any other resources or documents required for project management. Deliverables related to Product: like hardware, software, research and reports, etc 1. research or survey- research or survey can help to acknowledge the features and contents of project 2. Resources- All necessary information on use of wireless device and wireless data entry system should be available for stakeholders. 3. Testing: Before the launch of the system testing of the system will help to identify the problems and bugs reported to system. 4. Analysis of various wireless data entry devices available in the market. 5. Expenditure on products: Wireless data entry system should invest around its half of budget available to products like device, software, etc. Project Success- Wireless Data Entry system project for Grand Wine Limited will be considered a successful project if the project is completed with $100,000 and with in 6 month that is before 01/16/2011 with the minimum pay back period that is with in 2 years. In the mean time if the project goes little longer or with little more budget and still the project outcome is good (good payback period) the project will be considered a successful project.

Brief Therapy Essay -- Counseling/Therapy

Brief therapy helps people by focusing on solutions, instead of problems. The therapist asks questions thereby facilitates the client by helping formulates solutions. The client leads the meeting by actively formulating ideas in which he/she can serve to improve the client's negative circumstances. This is contrary to cognitive therapy, which focuses on a client's cognitive processes (how he or she thinks about people/places/things). The therapist collaborates with the client to help the client develop alternative solutions. "Subsequently, a study showed solution-focused brief therapy demonstrated a small, but positive treatment effects favoring SFBT group on the outcome measures. Only the magnitude of the effect for internalizing behavior problems (such as depression, anxiety, self-concept and dignity) was statistically significant at the p ...ng. The compliments, positive affirmations, humor, positive reframing, and are all ways to handle a resistant adolescent. Parents and adolescents take an active, positive role in brief therapy by asking themselves when changes will occur. These ways of dealing with resistance in adolescents work toward the solutions kids want to break free of their emotional prisons. Works Cited Kim, J.S. PhD.(n.d.)Examining the Effectiveness of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy A Meta-Analysis Using Random Effects Modeling retrieved on 05/09/2012 at https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/bitstream/.../19_2_Johnny_S._Kim_Paper.pdf? University of Texas Austin, TX Selekman, M. D. (2005). Pathways to Change: Brief Therapy with Difficult Adolescents (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Retrieved May 9, 2012, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=116311700

Characteristics of Orsino in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Knight

Characteristics of Orsino in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Knight Love is desirable, everyone is in search of it, but some take it too far. Some let it control you, and reveal characteristics that ought not to be revealed. Orsino, in the twelfth knight for example let’s love control him revealing aspects of his personality that reveal is obsession with love. Some Notable Characteristics of the Duke of Illyria are his moodiness, selfishness and how he is a fool for love. Orsino is a gentleman who is in search of love, and while eagerly searching; his moodiness and foolishness is revealed. Struggling to find love, Orsino’s temperamental moodiness is revealed. His moodiness is revealed early in the play when Orsino interrupts his own musicians while they are playing to satisfy his needs. Orsino has musicians playing around him in hopes that it will distract his thoughts from how bad he wants to find love. Orsino says, â€Å"Enough; no more: ‘Tis not so sweet now as it was before. (Act I, Scene I) This reveals Orsino’s moodiness because the musicians were only trying to cheer him up, and Orsino deliberately and rudely interrupts them because the music was doing no good in hopes of cheering up his lonely heart. Also, later in the play Feste even points out Orsino’s moodiness. Feste compares Orsino's erratic moods to a gemstone when he says the Duke's â€Å"mind is very opal. † (Scene II, act IV) An opal is a gemstone th at shimmers and shifts in colors. Although, this is not meant to be a compliment by Feste, Feste is rather implying that Orsino is temperamental and unstable, like an opal constantly shifting in colors. Although, for Orsino, unlike an opal constantly shifting in colors, what shifts constantly is his moods. Orsino is a man who is more fixated with the fantasy of love than the reality of love, which portrays his selfishness in just wanting to fulfill his own desires. Orsino seems to be a man who is in love with the idea of being in love. The play begins with Orsino saying, â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on; Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die. That strain again! it had a dying fall: O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet sound, That breathes upon a bank of violets, Stealing and giving odour! † (Act I, Scene I) Orsino is very fixated with love, willing to do whatever it takes to satisfy his own needs. He is so willing he even attempts to find love in a woman in which he knows doesn’t feel the same about him. Orsino fights to have Olivia love him back, in fact the more Olivia rejects him the more it seems Orsino tries t pursue her. Orsino doesn’t care that she has no love for him back, he just wants to find love, and that’s the selfishness within him. Orsino is a man in search of love, so determined to find it he makes a fool of himself. Based upon the opening scene we know Orsino is a passionate man who is out in search of the love of Olivia. Orsino says he is in love for the countess, but Orsino doesn’t truly know her, he just knows of her. When Orsino describes one of his fantasies, you can determine from it that it has nothing to do with the countess. The first time Orsino saw Olivia he describes, â€Å"That instant was I turn'd into a hart; And my desires, like fell and cruel hounds, E'er since pursue me. †(Act I, Scene I) Orsino says he was turned into a â€Å"hart† (a male deer and also a play on the word â€Å"heart†) and that he was chased or hunted by his own desires, which were like â€Å"hounds. † So, Orsino doesn't imagine his pursuit of Olivia so much as he fixates on his pursuit of himself in a fantasy that is all about him. He is a fool for love, fixated so much around it that he tries to make himself believe he is in love with someone he truly doesn’t even know. Orsino’s moodiness, selfishness, and foolishness all revolve around what means the most to Orsino, love. His moodiness flares up when dealing with the problems he faces when trying to find love. Orsino’s selfishness is revealed in the way he pursues a countess that doesn’t love him back, yet doesn’t even know him. Foremost, his foolishness is revealed by the way he tries to find love in general. Revolving so much around trying to find love, that he goes to extreme measures that makes him look foolish. In fact, anyone trying to find love as hard as Orsino should be looked at as foolish too. You cannot force love upon anyone, and you should never force it upon yourself, or you will be compelled as selfish in the fact that you want love so bad you do extraordinarily selfish things to do so. Like trying to love a woman who doesn’t love you back. Love is something that cannot be forced, that Orsino apparently doesn’t know, causing him to be moody, look selfish, and be a fool for love.

Overcriminalization Essay

In every nation, people are governed by a government. The very purpose of having a government is to have a highest authority to maintain peace and order in a nation. A government, through its legitimate authority and power, sets up laws and rules and every citizens are expected to follow. These laws are granted as a guide and ensure that the activities and affairs of every individual are within the context of legality, morality, accepted customs, and traditions and is not violating other people’s rights. Body In criminal law and even in the Constitution, crimes that are against people and properties are defined. This includes murder, rape, robbery, theft, among others. Corresponding punishment has also been provided for the purpose of distinguishing the legal standard of justice (Husak, 2008, p. 6). Significantly, justice is the very reason for penalizing individuals who acted beyond their right. However, justice also has standard that cannot just easily be measured. But the laws are controlling and in the context of the law, justice is served. On the part of every individual, he is given freedom to act, provided that he is not violating any laws. In the society, changes are also indispensable, like the existence of homosexuals. For these changes and acceptance of the people of taboos, many argue that overcriminalization exist in the criminal justice system of the country. Meanwhile overcriminalization refers to idea that laws regulating public morality may result in a substantial diversion of police, prosecutor, and judicial time, personnel and resources. In the medical and psychological arena, homosexuality is accepted; however such has been criminalized under the sodomy law established since nineteenth century (Greenbers, 1988, p. 455). Notably, During WWII, a man was convicted of 20- year in prison for running an entertainment establishment for homosexuals despite his effort in catching German spies (Greenbers, 1988 p. 455). Since then several men were indicted for a long year imprisonment because of heterosexual relationships. Gays’ and even lesbians’ acts and choice were controlled by law. A wrong choice would be equivalent to imprisonment. Since then the sodomy law has been challenged of its constitutionality. Several gays claimed that sodomy laws curtails their freedom to privacy and choice. However, the court stayed the legality of the law until 2003. In Lawrence v. Texas (539 U. S. 558), the petitioner, a man, was caught in his private room having carnal knowledge with a man. They were arrested for violating the sodomy law. In court, Lawrence raised that the law violates their constitutional right on equal protection, due process and privacy. After extensive debates, all sodomy laws were stricken out in all states and the gays and lesbians were liberated. Primarily, the court stressed that gays have Another overcriminalization seen is the prohibition on alcohol consumption. In the olden era, wine serves as medicine for several diseases and as pain reliever. Wine was also among the essentials in gatherings and ceremonies. Through time, many alcohol beverages were processed to make it more intoxicant. However, it was made a crime to consume alcohol and other form of intoxicants. The authorities argued that alcohol can make a drank an evil because of the effects of intoxication. Many crimes were committed due to drunkenness and to avoid further crimes, the law prohibited the citizens to take in alcohol. However, the curtailment of crime resulted to the violation of right. The legislature kept on defining numerous crimes instead of setting up a fairer standard that will regulate alcohol. At present, the law is still silent as to the issue on lowering of drinking age from 21 to 18 years of age. Many argue that adults below 21 year- old are penalized for consuming alcohol and considered it as ironical when they were granted political and civil rights at the age of 18. Through this, the law is seen to have overcriminalized. However, the law is becoming lenient because several adult below 21 are able to drink without being caught. While it may be observed that the law is becoming lenient on criminalizing some immoral acts, other forms of overcriminalization can be noticed today. Although liberations have been celebrated by various classes, the public is endangered of other being punished severely for petty crimes. With the death of sodomy law and alcohol bans, the liberty of the citizens are yet unsettled. After the 9/11 terrorist attack several laws were passed by the Congress to curtail terrorism. However, it has a drawback against the citizens. The Patriot Act which encompasses crimes of smuggling and money laundering is considered to have its way to overcriminalization. This is so because of the imposition of a grave penalty to a petty crime. An astonishing example is David McNab, a fisherman, who was charged for smuggling and money- laundering for bagging a 5. 5 inches lobster (Berlau, Making a Meth of the Patriot Act). . For a minor environmental violation, McNab is now serving a â€Å"multi- year sentence† (Berlau, Making a Meth of the Patriot Act). Many more types of overcriminalization are expected in the enforcement of the Patriot act because of the free access and intensified surveillance that authorities are able to do. In some states, overcriminalization do exist. In District of Columbia, the state law and even federal law prohibit the unauthorized use of the â€Å"Smokey Bear† emblems (Luna, 2005, p. 704). The lawful exercise of religious belief in school and in public placed are even punished or restricted due to the insistence of separation of church and state principle. Nevertheless, while overcriminalization may still exist, today’s regulation has become more lenient than before. Rights to same- sex marriage, common law relationship, and even possession of gun by private individuals are just some of the evidence of laws leniency. Since the feudal time, many changes have occurred that even various kinds of discrimination were eradicated. Many liberalists were overjoyed and are even lobbying for other rights that are made punishable by laws. As for them, the enjoyment of liberties is the real guarantee of democracy. Conclusion Since nineteenth century, the government’s authority was so broad in scope that citizens were enjoying a limited freedom. Any acts of immorality in eyes of the church then were also punishable by law. Several private rights were not recognized due to the controlling laws and unacceptability of the society of the changes. These led to the perception that overcriminalization is existing in the legal system. In the twentieth century, laws that impose punishments for immoral acts were invalidated by the courts. Indeed, overcriminalization has slowed a bit. However, due to the pending threat on security, the overcriminalization may be strengthened. But the civil liberty advocates are watchful of every government acts to avoid further curtailment of rights and eventually guarantees respect to democracy.

Human Intelligence Review Essay

Human Intelligence Review Essay Human Intelligence Review Essay Example Human Intelligence Review Essay Example Intelligence is a controversial phenomenon that is widely discussed throughout human history. This concept is extremely debatable because till nowadays the researchers have not succeeded in estimating the origin, methods of measurement, and other characteristics of intelligence. In other words, specialists in different spheres of science disagree whether it is an inborn feature and whether it varies by different ethnicities and races. Moreover, no one really knows if intelligence tests really measure intelligence of human beings. The given paper aims at determining, describing, and assessing the essence and nature of intelligence taking into account various perspectives. Human intelligence is usually connected with intellectual abilities or capacities of humans. This concept is based on perception, self-awareness, as well as consciousness of people. Intelligence influences the ability to learn new information, form various concepts, find solutions to problems, communicate, use language for different purposes, and think. Many researchers believe that human intelligence gives an opportunity for people to achieve various life objectives and expectations easily (Wai, 2014). The researchers differentiate various theories that describe the notion and essence of human intelligence. Besides, many experts that investigate the phenomenon of intelligence disagree if it is inherited feature or intellectual capacity that may be acquired in the course of life. The majority of theories of intelligence promote different opinions and ideas (Wai, 2014). For instance, faculty theory that explains the concept of human intelligence is considered to be the oldest one, as it was developed during the 18th and 19th centuries. According to the main idea of this scientific theory, mind of every human being consists of separate â€Å"faculties,† including imagination, memory, knowledge, and discrimination. Despite close interdependence of these faculties, each of them can be developed with the help of special trainings and techniques. However, critics of this theory claim that human intelligence is not subdivided into separate parts or, in other words, faculties (Wai, 2 014). The proponents of UNI-factor theory of intelligence believe that human intelligence is associated with common sense. Charles Spearman is the founder of two-factor theory that explains the essence and functioning of human intelligence. According to the assumptions of the English psychologist, intellectual abilities of people are usually influenced by two factors that are commonly referred to as G and S. Factor G bears responsibility for general abilities of humans. On the contrary, factor S designates specific abilities of humans. In other words, psychologists associate G-component with inborn or inherited qualities and abilities. C-component depends on environmental impacts on human intelligence. Moreover, this factor may be shaped with the help of numerous activities that stimulate brain functioning and development (Wai, 2014). It is rather important to note the fact that Thorndike’s multifactor theory of intelligence is no less popular than the previous psychological assumptions. Thorndike was deeply convinced that human intelligence should not be compared to general abilities of humans. In addition, he differentiated several attributes or components of human intelligence, including level, range, area, and, finally, speed (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Thurstone claimed that human intelligence was the combination or unity of psychological and functional factors. According to the main idea of verbal factor that was differentiated by Thurstone, ability to perform numerical calculations at high speed is the basic peculiarity of human intelligence. Besides, verbal comprehension and well-developed memory indicate comparatively high intelligence rates of humans. This professional in the spheres of psychometrics and psychophysics constructed wide range of effective intelligence tests on the basis of his own theory (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Such a well-known psychologist with worldwide recognition as J. P. Guilford developed his own structure of human intellect. He believed that human intellect consisted of several dimensions that involve content, product, and, finally, process. According to the point of view of this psychologist, every intellectual task should be analyzed on the basis of its content, required amounts of mental activities, and products resulting from these activities. Moreover, he classified such a dimension as content into five separate categories that contribute to human intellect. He supported the idea that human intellect is changed by numerous visual, mandatory, semantic, as well as behavioral and cognitive factors (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). The intelligence theory established by P. E. Vernon informs that human intelligence consists of four main levels (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). The British psychologist was sure that environmental and genetic factors contributed to the development of human intelligence. He believed the genes ensured an opportunity for people to inherit intelligence. According to the estimations of this researcher, above 60% of human intelligence rates are influenced by genetic factors. In addition, he claimed that intelligence rates varied among various racial groups and ethnicities. R. Cattell, American psychologists and researcher who worked in the sphere of empirical psychology, founded â€Å"crystallized theory† of human intelligence. Taking into account the nature of this theory, genetic potentiality impacts the intelligence capacity. The researcher emphasized that his â€Å"crystallized theory† provided convincing arguments that past as well as new experiences influenced the intellig ence rates of humans (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Howard Gardner is the author of multiple intelligence theory (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Theory represented by this psychologist states that human intelligence is shaped by such factors as language, spatial representation, musical type of thinking, and even bodily language. Furthermore, the researcher claimed that educational system was extremely biased because it oriented on equal intelligence abilities and capacities of humans. On the contrary, the psychologist stated that human intelligence was not a universal measure that is equal among various people. He claimed that visual as well as spatial factors, appropriate use of kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal relations, linguistics, and, finally, logical thinking positively impact the rates of human intelligence. Howard Gardner is a proponent of the theory that there are seven types of intelligence that are typical to various people. According to the main idea of this psychologist, some people possess the characteristics o f visual and special intelligence. According to this intelligence, people are increasingly aware of their surrounding and environment. Verbal as well as physical imagery is typical to individuals that have this type of intelligence. Taking into account the second kind of intelligence, differentiated by H. Gardner, people are extremely good at using their body language (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). They effectively communicate not only with the help of language, but with their body movements as well. This type of intelligence requires for further development real objects, compared to the visual-spatial intelligence â€Å"owners† who rely on diverse graphs, charts, pictures, videos, and other efficient tools. Musical intelligence is a considerably widespread type of intellectual capacity of humans that is based on increased sensitivity to sounds and rhythms. Individuals that have musical intelligence are very sensitive to musical sounds and noises that surround them. The psychologist claimed that the most effective tools that contribute to development of musical intelligence of people are various musical instruments, music channels on TV and radio (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Interpersonal intelligence focuses on socializing, cooperation, and interactions with other people. Despite well-developed intuition, motivation, and very strong will, the â€Å"owners† of this intellectual capacity are sometimes shy and unconfident in their strengths. In the majority of cases, learners of interpersonal intelligence who are in tune with their emotions and inner feelings rely on independent study and privacy. Such tools as books and writings are beneficial for the development of their intellectual abilities (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). On the contrary, intrapersonal intelligence deals with profound and accurate understanding of someone’s goals and intentions. This type of intelligence, as compared to interpersonal one, rarely involves group activities, dialogues, and other entertainments. It is important to note that such people are the most independent learners that do not like team work and activities. Linguistic intelligence is based on efficient use of vocabulary. Learners of this intelligence are characterized by well-developed auditory skills that give them opportunities to think in words. Finally, logical-mathematical intelligence, according to the classification of Gardner, is connected with calculating and reasoning. The learners who want to develop this unique ability of a human intellect should solve complicated puzzles, experiments, and games that require logical thinking. Thus, according to the main idea of multiple intelligence theory, all people are intelligent in different â€Å"spheres of i ntelligence,† as there are several basic types of human intelligence, including linguistic, logical, special, as well as motor, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and, finally, naturalistic intelligence (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). R. J. Sternberg is the founder of triarchic intelligence theory. According to the estimations of this researcher, human intelligence consists of three main types, including analytical, creative, and practical subcategories. American psychologist claimed that analytical intelligence was connected with academic abilities of people. This type of intellectual capacity provides an opportunity for humans to solve problems, think, and acquire new knowledge. Well-developed problem-solving skills contribute to generation of quick and accurate solutions to complex tasks (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Taking into account the nature of creative intelligence, it should be stressed that this intellectual capacity is defined by the researcher as the ability to adapt to novel situations and even get profits from new experiences. Finally, practical intelligence of humans may be commonly referred to as â€Å"street smarts.† Practical intelligence ensures an opportunity for people to adapt to the d emands of changing environment. For instance, practical intelligence helps the newcomers to adapt to the expectations of employers and behavior of other employees (Pal, Pal, Tourani, 2004). Human intelligence has become the main target of molecular genetics not long ago. Even nowadays numerous researchers make attempts in order to estimate if genes are responsible for heritability of human intelligence (Plomin Deary, 2014). With the help of high level of IQ, many people succeed in education, occupation, as well as physical and mental health or well-being. Heritability of intelligence is not a myth, but a reality which is supported by numerous convincing arguments. According to the results of statistics provided by the neuroscientists, heritability of intelligence may occur either in the period of infancy or in late adulthood. Such an innovative technique in the sphere of genetics as Genome-Wide Complex Trait Analysis proves that genes transmit not only physical traits, but intelligence that impacts social mobility, education, mortality rates, and functioning of a human brain. The notion of intelligence is incredibly significant from scientific and social perspectives. For instance, taking into account scientific point of view, intelligence deals with brain functioning and structure which impacts the increase or decline of cognitive skills and brain functioning. Socially, human intelligence is one of the most influential predicators of human success or failures in education and career. Besides, psychologists have proven that higher intelligence is a guarantee of strong physical and mental health of humans (Plomin Deary, 2014). Recent genetic studies of intelligence prove that genes influence cognitive abilities and brain functioning of humans. For example, such intelligence components as spatial ability, speed of information processing, vocabulary, memory capabilities, and executive functions are inheritable features. Besides, genes may impact not only spatial relationships and vocabulary, but numerous learning capabilities that are directly associated with education, such as reading and arithmetic. Many proponents of the heritability of genes assure that human intelligence may be compared to so-called â€Å"slave† of the genes (Plomin Deary, 2014). However, despite popularity of the theory that genes transmit intelligence, a lot of professionals in the sphere of psychology and genetics assure that intelligence has nothing in common with genes (Plomin Deary, 2014). In simple words, no one is born with low intelligence rates. Genes have the power to define the scope or the framework of human intelligence. In fact, genes may only define the maximum intelligence rate that every person can achieve. According to numerous scientific investigations conducted by the British researcher Burton, more than 50 % of human intelligence depends of environmental pressure. The highest level of human intelligence is the environment where people grow up, study, work, and spend their free time. Education and teaching outweigh genetic influences. Family and peer groups are considered to be the most influential factors that shape human intelligence. For instance, a number of studies that investigated parental influences on intelligence of their child ren prove that families bears full responsibility for academic achievements of their children. Many psychologists recommend parents to praise their children for their success, because this behavior contributes to high intelligence scores of children in the future (Plomin Deary, 2014). Furthermore, taking into account the essence of incremental theory, human intelligence can be improved with the help of efforts and trainings. Parents who teach their children to develop love for learning have to be sure that this practice contributes to future academic successes of their children. On the contrary, indifferent and apathetic parents that do not make efforts to educate their children since the early age should not expect that their children will get high intelligence scores in the future (Plomin Deary, 2014). According to the assumptions of many psychologists, peer group associations shape intelligence of people no less than parents. Series of experiments with participation of females prove that prejudice, bias, and generalization influence academic success and intelligent scores of women. For instance, women that were told that they performed worse at chess than males really failed the game. In addition, women who were told that males were always good at Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry because of genetic and biological factors performed badly during the tests. These experiments provide convincing data that stereotype threat impacts intelligence of people. The same experiments were conducted among the blacks and whites, and the results were the same (Nisbett et al., 2012). Moreover, the researchers have managed to estimate that adopted children have similar intelligence scores to their adoptive parents. Biologically related children that were brought up and educated within the same fa mily are also characterized by very common intelligence rates. On the contrary, such â€Å"deprived environments† as orphanages, isolation, and extreme poverty contribute to considerable decline of intelligence rates. However, in case children abandon these â€Å"deprived environments† and become the part of â€Å"enriched families and communities,† their intelligence drastically increases. These studies and scientific investigations prove that human intelligence is not a matter of genes, as parents and peer groups form the â€Å"intelligence basis† of every child (Nisbett et al., 2012). Education and trainings also influence the IQ scores of humans. The researchers suppose that education may predict possible educational attainments and successes. Intelligence of humans may predict successes and attainments of children during some stressful situations, especially at examinations and tests. Intelligence is closely intertwined with education, because results of scientific experiments prove that intelligence of people drastically decreases during the period of summer breaks. These arguments that refute heritability of human intelligence prove that education influences intelligence only in a positive way. Intelligence is influenced by numerous biological factors that involve nutrition, maternal age, stress, etc. (Nisbett et al., 2012). Close interconnection among races and intelligence scores has been a controversial subject since the beginning of the 20th century. Taking into consideration the historical perspective, the first intelligence tests that were aimed to manifest the difference of scores between various population groups were conducted after the period of the World War I (Nisbett et al., 2012). For example, within the 20th century, many psychologists claimed that innate biological differences were the key factors that explained inferiority of some nationalities. According to the research results, people with the highest IQ rates live in the developed Western and Asian countries. On the contrary, to the list of the least developed countries with lowest rates of human intelligence are included races and nationalities of Africa and Latin America. Recent scientific study that has compared intelligence scores in more than 20 countries around the globe provides information that IQ rate among Asian Americans is equal to 106. Among African-American people, the average rate of human intelligence constitutes 89. Finally, on the territory of Japan the IQ score is equal to 110. However, the proponents of the theory that race influences intelligence state that similar studies are biased and prejudiced because human intelligence has nothing in common with color of skin or other features that are peculiar to people on different continents (Nisbett et al., 2012). As a result, having determined and analyzed the nature of human intelligence, main IQ theories, and factors that shape intellectual capacities of humans, it is possible to summarize that the notion of human intelligence has remained a debatable and subjective issue that cannot be explained and understood with help of theories that are available in abundance. In general, intelligence is significant because it impacts successes of humans in personal life, education, career, physical health, and mental welfare. Parental care, education, peer group associations, and some biological factors influence the raise and decline of human intelligence. Finally, it is rather important to note that human intelligence has remained an open question till nowadays, as the researchers cannot find convincing arguments that would either prove or refute the connection of intelligence to race, age, and inheritability.

PSAT Test Dates 2017

PSAT Test Dates 2017 SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Attention, 2017 juniors! Do you know when you’ll be taking the PSAT? Do you know the best way to prepare for the test? This guide is for anyone planning to take the PSAT in the fall of 2017. We have the predicted PSAT test dates, along with some key study tips. To start, let’s discuss what you need to know about how your school will administer the PSAT. How Will Your High School Administer the PSAT? Unlike the SAT or ACT, you don’t get to choose when you take the PSAT. Instead, your school administers the PSAT on one date in the fall. All juniors automatically take the PSAT, while younger students can request to take it if they want the experience. College Board gives schools three options for PSAT test dates, a primary test date, an alternate test date, and a Saturday test date. The majority of schools choose the primary test date, which falls on a Wednesday. Your school will only administer the PSAT on its one selected test date. College Board hasn’t released the exact 2017 PSAT test dates yet, but we can predict the dates based on previous years. Read on for the predictedPSAT test dates in 2017. With the PSAT, you don't get to choose your test date. What Are the 2017 PSAT Test Dates? Every year the primary PSAT test date falls on a Wednesday in mid-October. The alternate test date will be offered two weeks later, while the Saturday test date will fall within a few days ofthe primary test date. Here are the officialPSAT test dates 2017: Primary date: Wednesday, October 11 Alternate Date: Wednesday,October 25 Saturday Date: Saturday, October 14 Since your school only administers the PSAT once, you should try your hardest to be there. Of course, you can’t help it if you come down with the flu or have a family emergency. If you miss your PSAT test date for whatever reason, can you still take the test? When the days start to cool and the leaves change color, PSAT season is upon you. What If You Miss the 2017 PSAT Test Date? Even though your school only administers the PSAT once, it is possible to retake the test if you’re absent on test day. If you miss the PSAT, then you’ll have to contact the National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) with a written request to take it by March 1. Here’s what the NMSC website says about scheduling a makeup PSAT: â€Å"The student or a school official must write to NMSC as soon as possible after the PSAT/NMSQT administration to request information about procedures for entry to NMSC competitions by alternate testing. The earlier NMSC receives the written request, the greater the student’s opportunities for meeting alternate entry requirements. To be considered, a request must be postmarked no later than March 1 following the PSAT/NMSQT administration that was missed. NMSC will provide alternate entry materials including an entry form that requires the signature of a school official.† While you can schedule a retest if you miss the PSAT, you really only need to take this step if you’re aiming for National Merit distinction or scholarships. If you’re not, then you could instead simply take a timed PSAT practice test on your own. While you won’t get the official testing experience, you can still take and score the test, analyze your results, and reflect on your performance to help you prep for the SAT. For students who are able to take the PSAT on its official test date, how long will they have to wait to get their scores? If you miss the PSAT, you probably only need to schedule a makeup test if you're aiming for top, National Merit-qualifying scores. When Will You Get PSAT Scores? PSAT scores willcome out a couple of months after you take the test, sometime in mid-December. You’ll be able to access them online via your College Board account. School counselors should have access to the scores one day earlier than students. Your school should also distribute paper score reports around the end of the month. Beside your total scores, what feedback will you see on your PSAT score report? What Will Your PSAT Score Report Look Like? Your PSAT score report will tell you how you scored on the entire test, as well as how you scored on each section. Your total scores will fall between 320 and 1520. This scale, by the way, is 80 points lower than the SAT scale to account for the fact that the PSAT is a slightly easier test. You’ll also get a score between 160 and 760 for Evidence-based Reading and Writing, and a score between 160 and 760 for math. Your test performance will be further broken down with three section scores between 8 and 38, one each for Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. Finally, you’ll get a Selection Index score between 48 and 228. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation uses this Selection Index to name Commended Students and Semifinalists. Each state has a different Selection Index cutoff to qualify. We estimate that the average state cutoff to qualify as National Merit Semifinalist will be 214. Whether you’re aiming for National Merit or getting ready for the PSAT and SAT, you should take time to study for the PSAT. Read on for some essential PSAT prep tips. Your PSAT score report slices through your results toreveal all the layers of your test performance. How to Prep for the PSAT No one should go into the PSAT without knowing what to expect. There are lots of available practice materials that will help you learn about the test and get some experience with PSAT questions. The following seventips will help guide your prep for the PSAT. We also have in-depth articles that illuminate every aspect of the test, plus give some key test-taking and time management strategies to help you do your best. Your first step in PSAT studying is simply familiarizing yourself with the content, format, and scoring of the test. Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: #1: Familiarize Yourself With the Test First things first, set aside some time tolearn all about the PSAT. Learn about how the test is structured, how much time you have for each section, and when you get breaks. Figure out what skills are tested in Reading, what grammar rules you need to know for Writing, and what the difference is between the Math No Calculator and Math With Calculator sections (besides, of course, whether or not you can use a calculator). As you learn, take notes on theskills and concepts you feel confident about and which ones need review. Keep track of the areas where you’ll need to spend the most time studying. You can use these notes to design a study plan that targets your weak areas and fills in any gaps in knowledge. Your first step in preparing for the PSAT is learning all about the PSAT. In other words, you should make the PSAT your new best friend. #2: Make a Study Schedule To meet your goals on the PSAT, you need to design a study schedule customized to you. You should think about how much time you have before the PSAT, and how much of that time you can realistically commit to test prep. Ideally, you can set aside the same time each week so that your PSAT prep becomes part of your routine. Just a few hours of prep a week can add up to dozens or even hundreds of hours if you start early enough. Take time to design a schedule, write it down, and stick to it. By developing a consistent habit of PSAT prep, you’ll see significantprogress over time. #3: Take a Timed Practice Test When you start studying, you should sit down and take a full PSAT practice test. Find a quiet environment, time yourself, and score your test. By simulating the test day experience, you can get a sense of your current scoring level. Then you can use this practice test to diagnose your strengths and weaknesses as a test-taker. Take time to figure out your section scores and pinpoint your weaknesses. Where do you see the most room for improvement? By taking a practice test at the beginning, you can figure out where you need to put in the most work to see improvement. Take timed practice tests to get a sense of the pacing of the PSAT. With enough practice, you'll manage to stay afloat despitethe strict time limits. #4: Analyze Your Results Once you’ve scored your test, you should go back through and circle all of the questions that you got wrong or where unsure about. Look for patterns in questions that tripped you up. Perhaps you need to work on time management in the Reading section. Maybe you need to review geometry concepts and memorize more formulas. Think deeply about the reasons you got a question wrong. Were you missing some core knowledge, or did you make a careless error because you were rushing? Memorizing grammar rules won’t help your Writing score if what you really need is better time management strategies. Getting to the root of your issues will help you address them directly and effectively. #5: Review Core Concepts While strategy is important on the PSAT, you also need to possess certain core knowledge to do well on it. You’ll need to understand specific rules of grammar, certain literary terms, key math formulas, and concepts of algebra and geometry. Make sure your PSAT study materials break down each section into its component concepts. After reviewing a concept, you should answer relevant practice questions to reinforce your understanding. If you come across a concept that you haven’t learned yet in school, you might seek help from a peer or teacher or try to learn it on your own with PSAT study materials. Filling in any gaps in knowledge is especially key if you’re aiming for top scores. Even if the PSAT calls itself a skills-based, rather than content-basedtest, it still requires that you've memorized some facts and figures. #6: Get Strategic Unfortunately, even academically excellent students aren’t guaranteed a high score on the PSAT without a solid understanding of test-taking strategy. The PSAT is a fast-paced test that requires deft time management. By practicing with timed tests, you’ll be able to get more and more efficient and less prone to careless errors. You shouldalso try outspecificstrategies, like process of elimination or speed-reading passages, to improve your speed while maintaining accuracy. #7: Practice, Practice, Practice Becoming a good PSAT-taker is a learned skill, just like writing or playing the guitar. You can’t expect to get great scores the first time you take a practice test. Rather, you’ll get better and better the more you practice. Ideally, you can start several months before your test date and commit one to three hours to PSAT prep each week. As you get closer to the test, you can ramp up the time commitment, if possible. However, you’ll already have accumulated many study hours, so you won’t have to panic and cram at the last minute.By the time the PSAT rolls around, all the skills you’ve developed will kick in and carry you across the finish line of your PSAT goals. Now that you have a sense of when you’ll take the PSAT and how you can start preparing for it, let’s go over the key points you should remember about this important test. Just as youcan't expect to know how to play the guitar without any practice, you also shouldn't expect to ace the PSAT without some serious prep work. PSAT Test Dates 2017: Key Points If you’ll be a junior in 2017, then you’ll be taking the PSAT in the fall. In all likelihood, you’ll take the PSAT on a Wednesday in mid-October.Our projected 2017 PSAT dates are Wednesday, October 18, Wednesday, November 1, andSaturday, October 15. The PSAT is a unique test, probably unlike othertests you take in school. To achieve your target scores, you should take time to review material and try out test-taking strategies. With enough practice, you might qualify for National Merit distinction and scholarships. Regardless of whether or not you make this competitive cutoff, you’ll still benefit from prepping for the PSAT. The test is extremely similar to the SAT, so any prep you do now will help you when you take the college admissions test. Taking the PSAT is a skill that you can learn and improve with practice. The more effort you put in beforehand, the more comfortable and confident you’ll feel when test day rolls around. What’s Next? Are you aiming for top scores on the PSAT? For any aspiring National Merit Finalists, this guide tells you what it takes to get a perfect score on the PSAT. What PSAT score do you need to qualify for National Merit? This guide breaks down the predicted state-by-state cutoffs to make Semifinalist status. If you were named a National Merit Semifinalist, how do you move on to become a Finalist and earn scholarship money? Check out this full guide on becoming a National Merit Finalist to find out. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

10 Part-Time Job Interview Questions (And Quick, Good Answers)

10 Part-Time Job Interview Questions (And Quick, Good Answers) The typical questions you might be asked for a part-time job are a little different than the ones you’d expect to be asked for a full-time job. In order to properly prepare yourself for a part-time job interview, start thinking of good answers to the following likely questions. â€Å"Why do you want to work here?†The interviewer is trying to figure out if you have any enthusiasm about the company or the position, or if you’re just looking for whatever is out there. Have an answer that will convince them of the former by doing a bit of research.â€Å"How long were you at your last job?†This is a sneaky way of figuring out whether you will stick around or not. It also might lead into questions such as why you left or what your relationship was like with your former employer. Be prepared to answer those, but also to explain- if you weren’t at your last job very long- why. Just make sure they know you’re not a flight risk.â€Å"When are you avai lable?†Even if they love you, your needs might mismatch, so this question is critical. They have shifts they need covered. You have conflicts that would prevent you from fitting in with what they need. Be honest. And make sure to think about evenings and weekends.â€Å"Would you prefer full-time if a position were available?†Be careful here. They might be testing you to see whether you might bail the second a full-time gig turns up at another company. In this case, either be honest and explain why full-time doesn’t currently work for you (but you might be open to it in the future). Or explain that you’re eager to work for this company in whatever way you can.â€Å"Describe your pace.†Depending on the job and company, your potential employer might be looking for a speed demon (particularly if the job description says â€Å"fast-paced environment† or mentions multitasking or juggling) or they might want someone with a steady, reliable pace. Try to figure out what would fit the company best, but answer honestly. You won’t want to fib about this if you work one way or the other.â€Å"What are you looking for in your next job?†Say what? Why would you tell them that, when clearly your next job of choice is their job. Basically, your interviewer wants to make sure that your goals match that of their company. Frame your answer to highlight the overlap between the requirements listed on the job posting and your skillset. And be honest. What about this company excites you or epitomizes a value that you hold dear?â€Å"How do you handle stress/pressure?†Part-time jobs aren’t necessarily part-time stress. Your interviewer is trying to understand your temperament, ability to problem-solve, and grace under fire. For extra credit, give an example of a time when you handled a particularly stressful situation in an old job. Maybe even mention how stress is a good motivator for you and how a fast-paced environ ment keeps you moving and busy, which you prefer.â€Å"Talk about a situation in which you failed.†No one likes talking about their failures, particularly not at a job interview. But showing how you learn from mistakes and failures is important- even for a part-time employer.â€Å"How do you deal with unhappy clients/customers?†If your part-time job would involve customer service or client relations of any kind, this question will probably come up. Hopefully you have some relevant experience to draw from with concrete examples. Showcase your conflict resolution skills.â€Å"What are your questions for me?†Yup. Just like any other job interview, a part-time gig will still ask you if you have any questions for the interviewer, and you’ll still have to come up with some intelligent and thoughtful ones- or risk not being in contention for the job. Reiterate your interest in the position and show that you’ve been thinking about how working there would b e and ways that it would be mutually beneficial.

The clash of civilizations through different perspectives Essay

The clash of civilizations through different perspectives - Essay Example There is a great division between human beings globally due to the divergent cultures; notably, conflicts will be caused by the differences in cultures of people. In essence, the clash of civilization is the center of interest. In other words, the current differences and divisions on cultural background is the future battlefield (Webber, 2008). Imperatively, civilization refers to the cultural entities of ethnic groups, villages, religious groups, and nationalities. People are carried around the world at most with the principle of civilization. This situational phenomenon explains the advanced state of human society. This advanced state encompasses the far to which aspects like high levels of industry, science, government, as well as, culture have so far reached (Ridley, 2006). This paper will discuss the future of civilization under the relevant perspectives of system level analysis, state level analysis and individual level analysis in regards to politics. Conversely, civilization is the broader cultural identity and groupings of individual in the society; they vary, rise and fall, merge and divide, and end with time. It has to be restated that difference among civilization are basic and real. This is because people differentiate themselves based on culture, language, tradition, and religion (Surowiecki, 2004). People in the different culture perceive issues differently such as God, rights of others, equality, hierarchy, and freedom. These differences are real and the source of conflict in the future if not addressed. Discourse on the divergent cultural differences is essential in promoting peace and the future. The differences between cultures are the source of conflicts; however, conflict does not mean violence. Huntington (2007) asserts that globalization is reducing the world into a community of people through internet and information technology. This has

Strategic HRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategic HRM - Essay Example The only difference is that in the game of business, teams compete against one another for customers, innovations, employees, and ultimately the profit margin they are able to accrue at the end of the day. The other difference is the time frame, whereas in sports the game is over a defined period of time, in the business, the time frame is unlimited as long as the business exists. Just like in the sports, the business empires that win indicate consistency in their preparation, planning, and skills in their execution plans. These business organizations do understand best their positions, where they are aiming at, and how they want to achieve their aim. It is also important to note that these winning business firms have constant touch with the customers needs and how to comply, the technological advancement that are relevant to the business as well as the market trends and innovations that will enable them be ahead of the park compared to their competitors in the market (Wal-Mart, 2011 ). Business organization then have to keep pondering on how best the cardinal factors in the business can be best satisfied to make then take the lead in either service delivery or product delivery to the customers. In this regard, all business owes allegiance to a strategy either planned or unplanned, strategy in this case is the language that implies a game plan. A business strategy is the lifeline of a business organization that drives both the short- term and the long-term projection and determines the success of the business in an ever-changing business environment and stringent competition. Overview of Wal-Mart Company Wal-Mart boost of being one of the largest family owned multinational retail cooperation. It is an American company having been founded in 1962 by Sam Walton. Walton family is arguably the leading shareholders in the cooperation, as they own about 48% of the total share of the business empire. The incorporation of the business took place in the year 1969 and by 1972 its shares were floated in the New York Stock Exchange for public trading (Wal-Mart, 2011). The corporation was branded Wal-Mart in 2008 having relinquished its former name of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. in pursuit of the Forbes Global 2000, Wal-Mart was ranked 18th in the perking order of the largest public corporations in the world and the leading in the US. The cooperation also employs about two million employees which makes it one of the world largest private employers. The headquarters of the business is at Bentonville, Arkansas. In the United States, it is considered one of the leading grocery retailers having in the year 2009 collected 51% of the total sales it realized in the year i.e. US$ 258 billions. This percentage sale was realized on the grocery sale alone. Wal-Mart scope of operation in the global is equally expansive, it has a total of 8,500 functioning store in 15 countries operating under different references. In the United States for instance, the company operates under the name Wal-Mart including the 50 states of the US. In India the company is called Best Price, Mexico, its called Walmex, in UK it’s referred to as Asda while in Japan, it is referred to as Seiyu. Wal-Mart has expansive and extensive operation in Canada, Brazil, and Argentina (Wal-Mart, 2011). While in the North America, the business has registered performance of varied

Home as the centre of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Home as the centre of Judaism - Essay Example The two movement that will be considered as a show of the various precincts through which the home is a centre of Judaism is the conservative and reformist movements of Judaism. Conservative Jews believe in the core values of its rituals and roles as the practice of what one believes in the daily practices. Reform Judaism believes that the written and oral laws are because of human intervention and the time of its giving as regards the Torah. In both the conservative and reformists, the core value is on the language, Hebrew as the reflection of the beliefs of Judaism and their cultures. It is what holds all Jews together is the language used as a family; hence, forming the first way where a home is a basis for Judaism (Neusner, 1994).  Ã‚  Ã‚     Largely, the home has become the centre of Judaism owing to the various roles, rituals, and practices that are practiced and observed at the home by family members. These rituals and practices are diverse as presented in the following pa rts of this essay. Judaism has been centered at home owing to the rules of dressing by Jews that occur within the family unit. The Halacha forms the basis for the generation of community customs and modesty that determine the dressing code for the Jewish women (Hoffman, 2008). The Halacha gives a number of guidelines for a Jewish woman’s dressing with the sleeves having to be at least below the elbow while the dresses and blouses must have necklines that do not show any cleavage. Skirts won by the women must be high enough. to ensure that when seated the knees are not exposed. Skirts are mainly worn by women in all occasions but there are exceptional instances where they are allowed to be in pants. These instances include agricultural activities where the wearing of the dress would lead to inefficiency in the performance of the various duties. At other times, they have to have to wear their skirts. However, the conservationists Jews are the ones who strictly follow the guidel ines in the Halacha while the Reform Judaism movement does give the adherent’s freedom to choose which rituals to follow. The conservationist movement is very clear in its statement of the superiority of men over women in the home set up. This is also shown by the segregation of women and men at the synagogue during worship and in leading rituals and other religious practices. This is however different in reformist movement where there is acceptance of the universal equality of men and women in all religious rituals, study and the observance of the rules.

Principles of the Law of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Principles of the Law of Negligence - Essay Example The plaintiff argued that the defendant’s negligence (snail infested beer) caused her grievous emotional harm (shock) and extreme gastroenteritis. In her argument, she argued that the manufacturer was liable because he had manufactured beer that was meant for the consumption by the general public and which led to her illness. In fact, the bottle was labelled under his name, thus proving ownership of the beer and its contents. In addition, the beer was sealed before consumption meaning that the contents of the bottle (ginger beer and the snail) could be traced directly to Stevenson. Therefore, the defendant had a duty of care to Donoghue because she was directly harmed by his actions and the defendant should have had a check mechanism in place to ensure that the ginger beer was safe for public consumption. Since Stevenson failed to do this, he was liable for negligence. The plaintiff was unsuccessful in trial but her case was appealed in the House of Lords where it was ruled in her favor on grounds of the neighbor principle. In his judgement, Lord Atkins asserted that one should take reasonable care to ensure that one’s actions do not harm their neighbor.In short, one should not intentionally harm their neighbor in foresight, as they will be found to be negligent for any grievous harm inflicted on their neighbors due to their actions/ omissions. In this case, neighbors refer to people who are foreseeably affected in reasonable degree by a person’s omissions or actions.

Advertising is the backbone of a business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertising is the backbone of a business - Essay Example However different types of people get attracted to different types of approaches as portrayed by the brands and businesses. which I was tempted only to buy after watching the different advertisements given by them. Nike has adopted a universal approach to hiring superstars in their advertisements and this adds to an advantage to the brand. The brand not only shows professionalism in its advertisements but also adds humour to them. Both these approaches amalgamated together to tempt the people to buy its products. I personally had no interest in playing sports prior to watching the advertisements of Nike. However, after watching Roger Federer in the ads of Nike I was tempted to buy products from Nike. The ad in which a fake coach barges in the house of Federer and makes him practice has a tinge of humour in it which forced me to buy not only the racket but also the shoes of Nike. Humor should be an important part of the advertisements given out by brands and businesses as it forces on e to watch the ad continuously. Furthermore, after watching this ad continuously, one is forced to buy the product. The most effective form of advertisement which tempts me to buy products is of humour and professionalism. The ads of Nike show the professionalism of stars and show us the reality of this world. Shoes, rackets, balls and apparels attract me the most through advertisements. Advertising plays a major role in my life as it tells me about the products I am looking for.

Engagement of Students in the learning process Essay

Engagement of Students in the learning process - Essay Example The research concludes that all these factors play a major role in determining a student’s achievement in school. Introduction All educational institutions have the aim of promoting students achievement. There are different factors that positively or negatively affect the achievement of students. These factors can be either, social, economic, environmental or political. In students’ achievement, different individuals have to pull forces to ensure that there is success in the process. These individuals include, teachers, parents and students. This paper analyses the positive effects of different factors that affect students’ achievement. A student’s achievement is influenced by several factors such as class size, family, motivation, teacher’s attitudes, a school’s culture and gender and therefore teachers should put these factors into perspective when teaching. Individual factors that affect students’ achievement Engagement of Students in the learning process Gross (2009) states that engagement of students in the process of learning is vital in ensuring achievement. Students can engage in the learning process through submission of assignments and agreeing to teachers instructions. Another form of students’ engagement in the learning process can be seen through class attendance. A teacher acts as a guide towards students’ engagement in class. ... Teachers who ensure effective engagement of the students experience less problems in managing their classes. Students’ interests can be boosted through application of different resources that interest students (Gross, 2009). Role of motivation to students’ achievement Motivation of students has always led to high achievement among learners. There are two major types of motivation that help to promote achievement in students. These are extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation mainly involves a student’s drive or desire towards learning. Intrinsic motivation helps a student in defining the importance of achieving highly academically. This type of motivation mainly depends on a student’s goal. There are those students who work hard in their schoolwork with an aim of having a good career in future. The students will therefore put efforts towards achievement of this goal. Another type of motivation is the extrinsic motivation. This ty pe of motivation comes from the external environment of the learners. Individuals who promote this type of motivation can be teachers, parents and other students. A teacher can promote extrinsic motivation in a learner by constantly reinforcing good character. Reinforcement can be done through offering incentives like sweets, books or pens (Gross, 2009). A teacher can motivate students who perform well by offering them gifts to ensure that they maintain their performance. Poor performers on the other hand, can be encouraged to perform well by constantly complementing them whenever they make an improvement. Teachers’ effectiveness towards students’ achievement Students’ performance can be used to assess teachers’

Advertising is the backbone of a business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advertising is the backbone of a business - Essay Example However different types of people get attracted to different types of approaches as portrayed by the brands and businesses. which I was tempted only to buy after watching the different advertisements given by them. Nike has adopted a universal approach to hiring superstars in their advertisements and this adds to an advantage to the brand. The brand not only shows professionalism in its advertisements but also adds humour to them. Both these approaches amalgamated together to tempt the people to buy its products. I personally had no interest in playing sports prior to watching the advertisements of Nike. However, after watching Roger Federer in the ads of Nike I was tempted to buy products from Nike. The ad in which a fake coach barges in the house of Federer and makes him practice has a tinge of humour in it which forced me to buy not only the racket but also the shoes of Nike. Humor should be an important part of the advertisements given out by brands and businesses as it forces on e to watch the ad continuously. Furthermore, after watching this ad continuously, one is forced to buy the product. The most effective form of advertisement which tempts me to buy products is of humour and professionalism. The ads of Nike show the professionalism of stars and show us the reality of this world. Shoes, rackets, balls and apparels attract me the most through advertisements. Advertising plays a major role in my life as it tells me about the products I am looking for.

Wk10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Wk10 - Essay Example This research essay is an accountof educational technology use -- internet, presentation, and podcast technology -- within this organization, assesses its efficacy, and considers its shortcomings, One of the most pervading uses of educational technology in my institution is the use of the internet. Every teacher has a computer connected to the internet in their classroom and is required to check their school email daily for administrative announcements and parent, staff, or student emails. A number of teachers have begun implementing the internet in regards to lectures as well. While the school internet connection excludes use of YouTube videos, by submitting a request to the administration it is possible to get temporary access to specific video links. These videos have been incorporated into the broad spectrum of lesson planning, from as diverse subjects as home-economics cooking videos, to the watching of sports techniques in the physical education courses. I have witnessed YouTube videos employed as means of demonstrating historical events – Nixon/Kennedy Presidential debates, State of the Union addresses – as well as in analysis of music videos, or advertis ements. Chris O’Neal (http://www.edutopia.org/digital-generation-youtube-teaching-video) demonstrates that one need only do a brief user search to discover countless health education field videos on nutrition, exercise, or disease, all of them replete with upbeat music and editing that is able to maintain students’ attention spans where out-dated VHS or DVD public service presentations are not able or are not willing. YouTube has even been used in professional development at the institution. At departmental meeting a group of teachers presented on more effective means of constructing ‘word walls’ – these are walls of relevant terminology that go up in all the classroom. They opened their presentation with an attention grabbing video, and then proceeded

International Tax Havens And Money Laundering

International Tax Havens And Money Laundering Introduction Layering is the procedure of sorting out the capital gained from illegal actions from their source using different levels of composite fiscal transactions, for instance changing cash into travellers checks, shares, investments, or acquiring expensive assets, for example painting or jewellery. 4 Introduction In this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. Benjamin Franklin (1789) Cited in Sharon (2009), p333 International tax havens and money laundering is becoming a major issue in the current world economy. A tax haven country is a place where certain taxes are levied at a small rate or does not exist. People and/or businesses can find it smart to move into those places which will create tax competition amongst governments which also include illegal activities such as profits gained from unfair trading or frauds in a companys accounts and corruption. Goerke (2008) study shows that there is a negative relationship between tax havens and corruption. This is because a country with tax evasion policies, the normal tax rate has to be high in order to generate the same level of income as a country with no tax evasion policy. High tax rate has a tendency to ease corruption. In the UK, Her Majesties Royal Court (HMRC) is trying to gain access to details of overseas accounts of UK citizens in tax havens countries (Riem, 2009). The Financial Times in July 2008, reported the Swiss bank UBS will no hold have overseas account for U.S. citizens following a law suit by the U.S. government in May, 2008 (GFIP, 2009). The US Treasury has lost on an annual basis around US $ 100 billions in revenue because of the accounts held in tax haven countries. The U.S. congress introduced the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act (STHAA) in March 2009 which includes a list of tax haven countries. Companies are planning to move away from the place where the Act is in force. The Italian Finance Minister, Guilio Tremonti had the fight against tax haven countries as his main priority in the G-8  [1]  summit in Aquila in July 2009. Money laundering is the procedure to cover the correct source, possession, route and use of capital, largely gained from illicit actions with the intend of making appear is was obtained legally. There are three main ways of doing this, namely: placement, layering and integration (Shehu, 2003). Placement occurs when an individual deposits money gained from illegal activities into financial services providers such as banks. Layering is the procedure of sorting out the capital gained from illegal actions from their source using different levels of composite fiscal transactions, for instance changing cash into travellers checks, shares, investments, or acquiring expensive assets, for example painting or jewellery. Integration is when an individual uses legal means to hide illicit money, therefore leaving the illegal funds to be distributed back to criminals. These can take the form of fake import/export invoices. Advantages and Disadvantages of International Tax Havens and Money Laundering Offshore financial institution offers access to steady political and economic matters. This is advantageous to the residents who lives in areas of political turmoil who fear their assets may be frozen. Some banks operate at a low cost base and provide high interest rates than what is legal in the home country due to the lack of government interference in the affairs. Money laundering in remote islands and countries helps increase the economy growth. The services of offshore banks are advantageous when compared to domestic banks, they offer number of bank accounts, risk is based on high and low rates of investments. Some individuals have specific tax advantages because these banks are linked to other offshore companies, trust or foundations. However, through money laundering the banks have been involved to help terrorist groups, crime gangs, and other state and non-state actors. Money laundering encourages tax evasion, by helping them deposit their hidden income in an attractive place. Access to offshore banks are difficult as they operate in far distant places. Yet accounts can be created by online and other modes, a country such as India finds it difficult to deal with the issue of money travelling in and out without restrictions. Offshore accounts aid this money, and this can cause financial problems in the country. The charge to uphold these accounts is possible by the high earners . The tax load falls for the middle income group. Also the people who earn more are left to pay more taxes to facilitate the economy. Acquisition, possession or use of property, knowing at the time of receipt that such property was derived from criminal activity or from an act of participation in such activity (Lockett, 1999). Government review fiscal transactions to make sure the work is carried out properly on the administrative side, prevent welfare and other benefits fraud, prevent money laundering and to detect any other illicit doings (World Bank Institute, 2008). These advantages, however, government employees gaining access to these data and other individual might misuse these financial data (World Bank Institute, 2008). These advantages, however, government employees gaining access to these data and other individual might misuse these financial data (World Bank Institute, 2008). People who are involved in trying to hide or transfer properties that are used for criminal purposes will face legal sanctions (Lockett, 1999). For instance, these properties may be used for drugs dealing, hide dirty money, and any other criminal activities. Global Overview International tax havens and money laundering is having a global impact. For instance, in India, money laundering is become a huge problem as money generated from illegal activities, such as crimes, terrorism and drug-trafficking, is instantly transferred to tax havens countries such as Switzerland. India are made up of tax havens, laws allowing secrecy, disguised corporations, anonymous trust accounts, fake foundations and assorted money laundering mechanisms which are designed to move money and keep hidden their sources (Financial Times, 2009). The local government and authorities, for instance, the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, seems to have no interest investigating into the matter. Even during the G-20 meeting in London (2009), the Indian representative though this topic would be out of line when actually tax haven countries and money laundering was making the headlines. In February 2009, an Indian newspaper reports that several Indian ministers visited Switzerland on private voyage. (Vaidyanathan, 2009) Kar and Cartwright-Smith (2008) in a report for the Global Financial Integrity (GFI) that illicit financial outflow from India for the period 2002-2006 was on an average low of US $ 22.7 billions and high of US $ 27.3 billions per year ranking India as the 5th largest outflow of illegal money outflow in the world. These come from mainly second hand goods markets which are not accounted for and largely processed by a financial service provide named Hawala Bank. Hawala Bank is a financial services provider which is unlicensed and therefore under no government authority. The financial institution accept money in all its form in one country and pays out in another country but does not find it important to keep proper records of clients and transactions. Their main trading activity is transferring money from developed countries into the Middle East and North Africa where the firm originated. Institution trading often goes through Pakistan; Dubai and Africa countries such as Nigeria before reaching the customer as a means to protect the privacy of clients and that is the main reason is it use for money laundering as shown in Appendix 1. No studies manage to analyse the amount of money traded by the company but it is believed that Hawala bankers are hugely involve for tax evasion and money laundering. Since it has no legal obligation, preventing them from trading is almost impossible as it is done in an informal way. (van de Bunt, 2008) As compared to this, Italy is showing a great concern in tax haven countries and money laundering. Italy has the highest corporate tax rate in Europe as shown in Appendix 2 which triggers Italian base companies to send profits in tax haven countries. De Mooij Ederveen and Dharmapala (2008) argued that company profits and income is more responsive to taxes that where the company or individual is situated. On 3 October 2009, the Italian government granted a grace period for company and individuals to return profits from tax haven countries for a small charge of 5% of the capital. They expect around US $ 148bn to flow back in the country generating tax revenue of US $ 7bn mostly from Switzerland as in the pass, the later was responsible for 58.3% of inflows of profits from overseas. The Finance Minister of Italy, Guilio Tremonti, said in an interview in July 2009: The true benefit of this measure is that it will close Ali Babas cave and measures are useless if they leave tax havens open. Financial Times (16 July, 2009) In 2008, Giulio Tremonti made the account of all Italian tax payers available online which was on of his approach to track incomes of Italian tax payers. Scherer Salzano (2008) discussed that this would not help the government as it could induce financial crime as private details of individuals such as income earned and address were made public and consequently the website was closed. Furthermore, some countries enjoy labelling themselves as tax haven countries such as the Caribbean Islands. However, offshore financial services firms prefer to promote themselves as wealth management centre. A recent approximation by the Tax Justice Network (2009), show that around a third of the worlds assets is held in these countries (i.e. US $ 11.5 trillion). Countries such as France, UK and Holland have no interest in to crack down these tax haven countries as many of them form part of the colonies. Nevertheless, following the September 11 attack, the U.S. government wants to eliminate these countries tax policies as it prompts money laundering therefore helping terrorist groups. Their main targets in the Caribbean are Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Belize, Cayman Islands, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Guatemala, and Panama. This is because these countries have slack financial authorities which benefit money laundering. Caribbean islands are consequently joining force to establish guidelines to combat money laundering mainly because of world regulators (Rosdol, 2007). Legal Side and Policies Since the 9/11 incident there has been an interest and growing concern for the rules and regulations made against serious crimes including money laundering and tax havens. The Indian government took advantage of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) sanction threats against tax havens and money laundering. They took a hard look at the countrys Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements focusing on restricting the outflow of clack money and adopting measures to arrest anyone involved within the country. In their urge to stop black money funding growth, the Indian government began a negotiation with Switzerland to help release their infamous secrecy laws and share data on tax evasion cases. Since OECD drives against tax havens, many countries have started to sign international standards on transparency and exchange of information. For instance the Cayman Islands have recently signed a joint agreement with seven other countries, which allows them to exchange information on tax matters unilaterally. If similar agreements like the one Caymans Island took were taken by India, it would allow tax authorities to track down tax evaders and money launderers by gaining access to financial information that are hidden. (Basu, 2009) Before the 2008 tax haven and money laundering laws caused a lot of conflict with the Caymans and U.S, however political stability, strict and clear regulations has helped the country escape the OECD clampdown on tax havens. Financial services comprise around 40% of GDP and have made the Caymans the worlds fifth largest financial centre. Strict laws against money laundering got the Caymans removed from the Financial Action Task Force blacklist in 2001 but since then they have maintained a good relationship with the main hosted banks. Regulations in the Cayman Island are provided by the Cayman Islands Monetary Authority, which also manage their currency. (Oxford Economic Country Briefings, 2008) In the Bahamas the government is considering introducing VAT, but this is a challenge for them as the country has built their fortunes on their tax haven status. The financial sector has undergone a deep transformation recently, since they brought down the reputation by introducing all surrounding anti-money laundering legislations. (Oxford Economic Country Briefings, 2008) The Financing and Money Services Act was enforced by the British Virgin Islands (BVI) in November 2009. The aim of this act is to make sure BVI laws and regulations are on the same level with international regulations and policies to fight money laundering and financing of terrorist. A board will be setup following the act to monitor licensing, regulation and supervision of financial services provided in the BVI, which will also include reviewing firms which do not comply with the law (Heath, 2009). There are number of offences which now these financial services providers will have to be line with so as not to break the law, otherwise fines can go up to US $ 60,000 applicable for offenders. U.S. Policies on International Tax Havens and Money Laundering The approach of U.S. law enforcement and regulatory agencies have faced relatively remarkable changes over the past decade such that money laundering and tax havens have been now operated as a primary issue. This change in approach and focus has brought improvement regarding tax havens and money laundering. The assessment of Obamas policies consolidates a tremendous amount of information in this perspective. In May 2009, president Obama presented a set of proposals focusing at international tax policies. The objective of Obama is to eradicate the benefits for those companies and well off individuals that transfer their cash in offshore accounts. He described the current system as: a tax code that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York. The key feature of this proposal is to restrict the companies which are exempted of tax payments on profits earned offshore. The plan of administration is to keep a strict hold on those companies which are not paying their taxes in U.S. pretending that they paid a huge amount of foreign taxes. During his presidential campaign Obamas party promise to work on tax havens and money laundering ACT. In February 2009, he said in a conference: We need to simplify a monstrous tax code that is far too complicated for most Americans to understand, but just complicated enough for the insiders who know how to game the system, finally ending the tax break for corporations that ship our jobs overseas. U.S. President Barack Obama This was his outmost priorities in a speech to the Congress that he guarantees to make the tax code more reasonable. According to the white house Mr. Obama is trying to close the international tax gaps. Companies which are investing in foreign countries and creating job opportunities overseas, will loose their tax advantages as planned by the U.S. President, companies which are creating job opportunities in U.S. will be offered tax advantages with incentives. The President and Treasury Secretary Timothy F. Geithner proposal of tax policy could help in increasing revenue over next year. The estimated income according to the studies carried out is US $ 210 billion. However, this proposal has some drawbacks and has been opposed by several business communities. Congressional leaders, in March 2009, suggested that this change in tax code result in making USA companies less competitive around the business globe. About 200 companies and trade associations, including Microsoft Corp., General Electric Co. and the U.S. Chamber of Commerce, collectively signed a letter stating that the following changes to the tax code would set them at a disadvantage with their competitors. This proposal faced considerable opposition by democrats who are hugely represented in senate creating a bug opposite for President Obama. During his election campaign Obama criticised the tax code policy as American companies deferring their tax liabilities on corporate profits. According to democrats the profit earning by overseas investment allows American companies to invest this money in their foreign subsidiaries operations. The loophole which is not covered by Obamas policy is transfer pricing. Transfer pricing is the biggest source of tax avoidance in corporate America. An economics professor at Rutgers, (Altshuler, 2009), called transfer pricing the elephant in the room as it is a major problem which was not addressed under Obamas proposal. According to Ernst Young, reforms in Obamas policy for outsourcing have no affect on offshore corporate companies. By creating separate business entity these offshore corporations can contract with entity to outsource the job. Obama tax reforms have faced a lot of criticism from critics and the leaders in senate but the only purpose of these tax reforms is to encourage the U.S companies to invest locally to create more job opportunities for Americans. The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) said that after evaluating the benefits of outsourcing in India, if the cost of revenue is lower than the tax paid by multinational companies in USA. They would stop investing in foreign subsidiaries. To pursue the dream, Obamas administration announces their budget policy for the year 2011 which is increasing the tax on richest individuals and decreasing taxes for the individuals earning less. Individuals earning more than $200,000 have to face increment of US $ 970billion tax on their earnings. For businesses there is an addition of US $ 400 billion. Conclusion From research a number of laws and regulations have been put in place to improve tax haven and money laundering crimes however, most of the countries still manage to avoid those regulations and laws. In future many countries have decided it is best they work together to put together laws and regulations to decrease the crimes in the financial system if not like India it could become part of their economy and may be difficult to resolve in the future. The Caribbeans, India and Italy have undertaken the laws and regulations of the OECD. They undermine the legal economy because money laundering affects normal competitive conditions of markets which is a threat to the efficiency and stability of each countrys financial system. In Italy the prevention of money laundering plays a strategic role in fighting crime and is based in the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) requirements which are: Customer due diligence Record-keeping requirements concerning business relationships and occasional transactions Adoption of adequate organisational procedures and internal control measures Suspicious-transaction reporting. On the other hand, financial privacy is has to be accounted for before deciding whether to investigate a persons account and income which may end up on morality issues. With all the measure enforced recently and future prospects, tax evaders may want to consider paying the taxes rather than being sued for fraud for moving money to tax haven countries (Economist, 2009). Money laundering is a different case however as however strict the laws are, governments do no any proper knowledge on the amount of illegal paper money circulating. This capital flows to tax haven countries and they are the one who have to have laws in place to determine the origin of this money. The Swiss Ambassador in India, H.E. Mr Philippe Welti, said: Switzerland was accused of giving shelter to black money and there has been a lot of inflow of such wealth from India and other countries of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I would not say it would be stopped 100% (under a new law). But through this measure, it would be controlled up to a certain limit. Cited by Vaidyanathan (2009, DNA Read the World [Online]) The capita lost in money laundering can be gained back if there if a political will as shown in the case of Nigeria, Italy, Philippines and Israel (Vaidyanathan, 2009). References and Bibliography [n.k], (2008), Oxford Economic Country Briefings. Oxford, p1-4. [n.k]. [n.d] Advantages and disadvantages of offshore banking [Online]. [n.k]. 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