Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids ) - 1190 Words

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a range of conditions caused by the infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). It is believed to have originated in Africa in the early to mid-twentieth century, mutated from related viruses in chimpanzees and the sooty mangabey monkey. In 1981 AIDS was first clinically detected in people who had used intravenous drugs and homosexual men. They exhibited symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), an unusual infection that was seen in people with extremely compromised immune systems. Not long after many of the homosexual men infected started to develop a rare skin cancer called Kaposi’ sarcoma (KS), which presents cutaneous lesions. Due to the increasing amount of PCP and KS cases that surfaced, the United States Center of Disease (CDC) established a task force in order to monitor the outbreaks. The disease went through many names, often being referred to as a disease that it was associated with. The general press used the term GIRD, which stood for gay –related immune deficiency. However, after realizing that the disease was not isolated just to the gay community and the name GIRD was misleading. The term AIDS was introduced in July of 1982 and by September of that same year the CDC was referring to the disease as AIDS. The virus HIV that causes AIDS is not able to survive long in air and cannot be transmitted by casual contact. It can be transmitted by the exchange of certain body fluids, includingShow MoreRelatedAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1401 Words   |  6 PagesAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Duckworth 2 The history of the awful words AIDS and HIV has distressed the world for the past 40 years. It has infused panic in the world from its illness, fear, and regrettably death. AIDS was announced to the world in 1980. It is highly believed that this illness began in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo. Prior to this time, it is undetermined of the number of people infected developed AIDS orRead MoreAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1289 Words   |  6 PagesIrrefutably, the immune system is ones’ shield against pathogens, ones’ knight in shining armor that confronts intruders. Over time the immune system can deteriorate, and that comes with age and declining health. Other times the immune system fights against itself causing autoimmune diseases that may or may not do irreparable harm. And sometimes, immune deficiency can be acquired. This is the case of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a disease where the immune system depreciates Read MoreAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Or Aids1512 Words   |  7 PagesAcquired immune deficiency syndrome or AIDS comes from the latest stage of the HIV disease. HIV is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. HIV is a retrovirus which means it has RNA nucleic acid and genetic material where most have DNA. The virus enters the cells of the body as most do, through endocytosis of white blood cells trying to kill it. When a macrophage ingests a virus, the cell then takes a piece of the virus and presents it on the surface, thus becoming an antigen presenting cell. The antigenRead MoreAids ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome )1968 Words   |  8 PagesOverview of HIV AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) was first recognized in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide pandemic (NIH, 2011). HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a direct causation of AIDS. HIV spreads through certain body fluids and attacks the body’s immune system CD4 cells, so that the body is unable to fight off infections and with a much weakened immune system AIDS develops (CDC, 2015). Transmission of this virus happens when exchange of certain body fluids occursRead MoreHiv / Aids Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome775 Words   |  4 PagesHIV/AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a devastating disease, the scope and depth having no boundaries, permeating into many areas of the world, oblivious to social class, lifestyle, or culture. Initially reported in 1981, HIV/ AIDS rapidly spread and by 1987, 100 countries conveyed the presence of HIV/AIDS. (Maurer Smith, 2009). â€Å"By 2001, it was the leading infectious cause of death in the world, killing almost 3 million people, and by 2002, approximately 5 million people wereRead MoreWhen Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )772 Words   |  4 PagesWhen Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) appeared in the early 1980’s on United States’ soil, people - including healthcare professionals - were confused about its nature and origin (Aids.gov). The public looked for a scapegoat and found it in the gay male contingent (Isay). What if a similar phenomenon happened, but in a keystone insect? Rowan Jacobsen, in Fruitless Fall, asserts that a comparable type of illness is affecting the honey bee, apis mellifera; the illness, now termed Colony CollapseRead MoreThe Causative Agent Of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1372 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV, is the causative agent of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Currently, there are two types of HIV isolated, HIV-1 and HIV-2, which are both retroviruses and able to perform reverse transcriptase (Leboffe 2011). While HIV-1 is spread throughout the world, HIV-2 is confined to West Africa and is better protective against the progression to AIDS. Genome of HIV-1 only contains nine genes. It is transmitted by body fluids such as blood, breastRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1199 Words   |  5 PagesThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is one of the deadliest pandemics the world has ever known. Unprecedented efforts and resources have been mobilized to fight the infection worldwide. While obvious progress has been made, HIV infection still hit hard and the field of public health continues actively to raise awareness about this issue and help affected people. Public health professionals constantly look for new ways to reach high-risk populations, butRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Or Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1281 Words   |  6 PagesA major epidemic across the world is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Accredited with 10% of the HIV cases annually is injection drug use (AIDS.gov, 2014). A study done in 2010 showed that injection drug use affected nearly 47,500 new HIV infections in the United States. With 625 being males and 38% being female. Breaking it down even further, African Americans made up 50% of the newly affecting using injection drugs, Whites 26%, and Latinos/ HispanicsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( Aids )1449 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) /Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is present around the world. HIV weakens the bodyâ €™s immune system by attacking its defences against disease this later develops into AIDS which causes for the body to be unable to fight of illness and diseases it usually could (Afao.org.au, 2015). Chad a country of Sub Saharan Africa has an estimated 210,000 people living with HIV/Aids. Working to decrease this a number promotional incentives are being run such as the

Physical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet Essay - 826 Words

Associate Level Material Physical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet In order to obtain optimal health, it is critical to be physically fit and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Becoming knowledgeable about what it means to be physically fit and learning how to evaluate the nutritional value of what you eat may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness. In this three-part worksheet, you identify the five components of health related fitness, critique a recipe for nutritional value, and respond to two short answer questions about nutrition. Completing this assignment is a step towards gaining the knowledge needed to better manage your physical fitness and nutrition. Part 1: Five Components of Health Related†¦show more content†¦You will select this meal from the USDA website. Follow the instructions below: †¢ Access the USDA Recipe Finder search tool at http://recipefinder.nal.usda.gov/ o (either click on or paste the above link in your internet’s address bar) †¢ Search for a recipe using one of the available criteria: o Type in ingredients; o Type in a recipe name, or; o Choose options from the available categories †¢ Select a recipe to critique from the generated results. Review the nutritional information provided for the recipe you selected or added and answer the questions below. Each response should be 75 to 125 words. 1. What is the name of the recipe you are evaluating? The name of the recipe that I am evaluating is Baked Chicken with Vegetables. 2. Which essential nutrients—carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals—are included in the recipe? The essential nutrients that are included in this recipe are saturated fats, carbohydrates, Fiber and protein. Also included are Vitamin A that adds carotene and helps with the eyes; Vitamin C which is important for growth and development; Calcium needed for muscle, bones and nerves. Iron helps with distributing oxygen to the body. Vitamin E helps body tissue from damage. Vitamin K makes proteins for bones and tissue also helps with clotting to not bleed too much. 3. Which ingredients are providing each nutrient? Potatoes have vitamin C, potassium, and carbohydrates.Show MoreRelatedPhysical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet854 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿University of Phoenix Material Physical Fitness and Nutrition Worksheet To obtain optimal health, it is critical to be physically fit and eat a healthy and balanced diet. Becoming knowledgeable about what it means to be physically fit and learning how to evaluate the nutritional value of what you eat may greatly increase your ability to improve your health and wellness. In this three-part worksheet, you identify the five components of health-related fitness, critique a recipe for nutritionalRead MoreHealth and Nutrition Essay3549 Words   |  15 Pages | | |SCI/220 Version 7 | | |Human Nutrition | | |Group ID: NGEL12-3 | | Read MoreSci 220 Week 11728 Words   |  7 PagesNutrition and Health Worksheet 1. What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? | Nutrition is defined â€Å"as the science that links foods to health and disease. â€Å" Nutrition is also called nourishment that provides food for support of life. Nutrition involves the process of humans ingesting, digesting, absorbing, and excreting food substances.Food provides energy in the form of calories needed to maintain all body cells. Nutrients are the substances obtained from food thatRead MoreHum Week Four Assignment987 Words   |  4 PagesJob Description and Recruiting Strategies Worksheet Conduct an interview with someone who has a career or job position that is different from your own. Identify the duties associated with his or her position, as well as any skills and abilities necessary for the position. Use the information gathered in the interview, as well as the Week 3 readings, to complete the following worksheet. Answer each question in paragraph format. JOB ANALYSIS 1. What are the duties and job responsibilitiesRead MoreBreaking The Weight Loss Plateau1296 Words   |  6 Pages50% of total weight lost in the first week. There are several factors that contribute to a weight loss plateau including (but not limited to); Insufficient Calories Consumed Muscle Loss Weight Loss Lack Of Discipline Physical Adaptation Exercise Ability Over Exercise Enhanced Fitness Levels Lets deal with these one at a time. Insufficient Calories Consumed The human body requires a MINIMUM of 1200 calories per day to function. If you consume less than that (on a crash diet for example), your bodyRead MoreHcs120r1 Week 2 Terms Worksheet 1 FINAL2219 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Weekly Vocabulary Exercise: Health Care Structures and Divisions Complete the worksheet according to the following guidelines: In the space provided, write each term’s definition as used in health care. You must define the term in your words; do not simply copy the definition from a textbook. In the space provided after each term’s definition, provide a sentence that illustrates the importance of the skill, concept, procedure, organization, or tool to which the termRead MoreThe Building Blocks Of Learning2408 Words   |  10 PagesExcellence; fitness and nutrition are emphasized. Students of all grades take part in a physical education class, and get additional exercise at the end of the day before dismissal, by dancing. During the school day after lunch, they also run a few laps on the pavement with lines at the back of the school, and then get recess. They also get nutritional snacks such as grapefruit and carrots, and so much more. There are posters all around the halls that encourage fitness and nutrition. This schoolRead MoreNutrition and Weight Loss Essay2238 Words   |  9 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Nutrition and Health Worksheet Use Ch. 1 of Contemporary Nutrition, Ch. 2 of Visualizing Nutrition, supplemental course materials, the University Library, the Internet, or other resources to answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be 75 to 100 words. 1. What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? | Wardlaw, Smith (2011) states that Nutrition involves a combination of food intake, in which theRead MoreSSD2 Module 3 Notes22142 Words   |  89 Pagesduring training at home station. 6. TRAIN FUNDAMENTAL FIRST Fundamentals include: basic soldiering, the warrior tasks, battle drills, marksmanship, fitness, and military occupational specialty skills Focus training on individual and small-unit skills Fundamentals typically cover basic soldiering, the warrior tasks, battle drills, marksmanship, fitness, and military occupational specialty skills. Company-level units and below establish this fundamental by focusing training on individual and small-unitRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesParticipants The Five P s of Effective Meetings 652 Suggestions for Group Members 657 652 SKILL PRACTICE 660 Exercises for Conducting Meetings 660 Preparing and Conducting a Team Meeting at SSS Software 660 Role Diagnosis 660 Meeting Evaluation Worksheet 661 APPENDIX I GLOSSARY 673 683 APPENDIX II REFERENCES NAME INDEX 705 709 713 SUBJECT INDEX COMBINED INDEX xvi CONTENTS P R E FA C E What’s New in This Edition? Based on suggestions from reviewers, instructors, and students

Enrollment system free essay sample

The enrollment system we have proposed and proposing is for the school named â€Å"Little Angel’s Christian preparatory school† which was the school that is privately owned and privately managed but then, the enrollment system on the said school is still in manual. And we have learned from addressing some surveys and random interviews around the school premises that, the manual enrollment system was too slow and too difficult for the school to manage at the reason of lacking in faculty members who are knowledgeable enough on handling and managing such large manual files, records and folders. The system design project, Enrollment System that will provide the needed and storing information in a faster, more convenient way by storing file of the student enrollees in a computer system that will lessen the effort of faculty staff in storing files of each student every now and then. This information here can be viewed in just a second without worrying that a single file is lost. The idea behind an enrollment system is not a new concept. This will only serve as an immediate solution to the increasing problems towards enrollment that provides more easy way in enrolling. Today, the use of technology has been an effective tool on improving such kind of enrollment system. In this study, the use of Visual Basic. net and SQL database will help to improve the efficiency of the computerized enrollment system of the Newville Heights High School. The study of dehydration technology and craft fabrication can be a learning paradigm in the secondary level and vocational schools to enhance the students’ knowledge and entrepreneurial skills as well. This is but a small contribution with the Dakar Framework for Action (2000) that not only basic education be learned by today’s students but acquisition of learning skills and knowledge for gainful employment and full participation in country’s society. The project’s goal is designed to help students improve academic competence, develop employability skills, implement a career plan and participate in a career pathway in preparation for post secondary education or careers in the food manufacturing or services sector after graduating from high school. This goal can be achieved through the mentors that can teach the students the food dehydration technology and craft fabrication for use of the process. The output of this study is a source material that the teachers can assimilate and disseminate by diffusion and induction technique. This research is of significance to the domain of educational technology as it extends the knowledge base that currently exists in that field. The concept of Intranet technology is relatively new to the majority of educational institutions. The handful of schools who have chosen to embrace the concept and implemented the technology have welcomed the educational and administrative benefits it has to offer. Therefore, research which explores the advantages of such technology will help to raise awareness among those who are unacquainted with its potential applications and benefits within their educational setting. To illustrate the potential of a school-based Intranet the research investigated two institutions currently using the technology. The findings which have resulted from each case study have the capacity to impact upon the method by which electronic information literacy skills are currently undertaken in schools. This study has been of significance to over 70 interested educators who wanted to learn more about the setting up process and application possibilities of school-based Intranets. In March, 1998 the study resulted in the formation of a Special Interest Group which offers members ongoing access to a virtual meeting place. The forum, which is still operative, was formed with the intention of fostering a collaborative approach whereby all members contribute and respond to questions, suggestions and ideas concerning the building, maintenance and integration of a school-based Intranet. Members interact either electronically, using the group’s Internet-based Email list ([emailprotected] iinet. net. au), or face-to-face at the group’s regular school-based meetings. The interest among educators is evident from the rapid growth of members subscribing to the group mailing list and attending meetings. Further information regarding the Intranet Special Interest Group is available on the World Wide Web at: http://www. iinet. net. au/~humbert/intranetsig/. Having justified its significance to the members of the Intranet Special Interest Group this research is poised to expand the general knowledge-base for further research into the area of school-based Intranet technology. This study will be a significant endeavor in promoting good work environment in the workplace and motivations of its employees. This study will also be beneficial to the students and instructors in strategic management, corporate strategies when they employ effective learning in their classroom setting particularly in different concepts related to the use of effective human resources management. By understanding the needs of the students and benefits of quality education, these instructors and students be assured of a competitive advantage. Moreover, this research will provide recommendations on how to evaluate the performance of a certain institution in accordance to human resources management. Moreover, this study will be helpful to the retail industry and business practitioners in training and informing them in the area of human resources management, objectives, and strategies. It will also serve as a future reference for researchers on the subject of human resources and corporate companies. And importantly, this research will educate clients in deciding on whether an industry e. . business industry is really fulfilling its responsibility to the community or is just showing off to promote its business. The researchers intended to upgrade the manual enrollment system of Newville Heights High School by developing a computerized system. This study will be beneficial to the students, teachers, and staffs of the school. By understanding the needs of the students and benefits of quality education, the researchers came up w ith this system in which the staffs and students will be assured of a competitive advantage. Moreover, this study will be helpful to the advancement of practitioners in training and informing them in the area of human resources management, objectives, and strategies. It will also serve as a future reference for researchers on the subject of human resources and corporate companies. And importantly, this research will educate clients in deciding on whether an industry e. g. business industry is really fulfilling its responsibility to the community or is just showing off to promote its business.

Internet should be free from all government control

Introduction The debate on whether governments should censor internet usage has raised much criticism as it has drawn support. The role of government, as well as government agencies, has come under spotlight in the recent past over what has been seen as infringement of freedom of speech by censoring internet content (Reporters without Borders 4).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet should be free from all government control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While governments have defended themselves as intending to protect the public goodwill, effort to control the use of internet have been found to be more detrimental than advantageous, therefore, the Internet should be free from all government control. It is however safe to argue that despite the much acclaimed advantages of unrestricted internet access, there may be genuine concerns that justify government censorship of internet use. This paper is an argument for internet that is free from all government control. History of government censorship of internet and definition of terms Government censored internet access can be traced to the commissioning of CSIRO by the United States government in 2001to look into the effect of censoring the use of internet through filtering softwares (Mehlman para 2). This trend has been subsequently picked by governments all over the world. Governments contend that it is their responsibility to protect their netizens from the harmful effects of the open world of internet. Currently, the most vocal governments that support and actually do censor internet content include Australia, China, Iran, Egypt, Tunisia, Iraq, Saudi Arabia among others (Reporters Without Borders 11 – 49; Alharbi 2010). The term netizens mean citizens who use internet. Internet is an information network that uses the web, while filtering software is a special kind of program that restricts access to certain websites in particular regions. There are three basic ways through which internet can be censored. The most common one include technical filtering where website are blocked using a proxy. There is also the use of search result removals where undesirable content is removed from content by internet search companies. Furthermore, governments do encourage self censorship where content publishers do limit the publication of information that may be against the public good (ONI ‘About Filtering’, paras 3 – 5). The diagram below depicts the Great Firewall of China showing the negative effects of government censorship of internet Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: GFIC. Cyber Information Control – China Great FireWall Benefits of uncensored access to internet Argument I: Unrestricted internet access leads to personal and societal development. Unrestricted internet access is seen as a leverage through which all people in the society have equal means to personal advancement. The internet is one of the key pillars for economic development. A report by the group of eight most developed countries in the world, the G 8, indicates that information and communication technology is one of the most powerful forces that will play a decisive role the realization of the economic potential of many nations in the 21st century. Furthermore, information and communication technology is billed as a key driver for global economic growth and as such there are infinite opportunities for economic growth (Kenny 99).For countries that are interested at expanding economic, as well as social growth, the internet is seen as one of the major avenues that will facilitate this expansion. Where the internet is well developed, it constitutes a significant part of the national infrastructure. Furthermore, it is easier to develop the internet as a form of infrastructu re. This will facilitate easier access to socio-economic opportunities by people in areas that would have otherwise been unreachable. This is evident in comparison studies done between African and South America. South America has double the number of people who have access to internet than Africa and as such the rate of economic development is more than double in South America as compared to Africa’s (Madon 2). In addition, the internet, because of its infinite potential, has endless economic opportunities that it provides for people (Kenny 101). However, under ordinary circumstances, it is expected that some people do benefit more than others in exploiting the economic opportunities for themselves.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Internet should be free from all government control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Rawl’s social constructivism, concentration of wealth and econo mic advantages on one segment of the society has detrimental effects to the society at large. As such, a just and moral society must have a fair distribution and access of economic means. Furthermore, no one should have too much wealth at the expense of others. Everyone thus deserves a chance to justified means of social economic, as well as personal development (Quinn 89). Societies must strive to provide equal opportunities, as well as advantages, to all for social, economic and personal development. While there may be economic inequalities, those inequalities must be justified by providing the most benefits to the least disadvantaged. Therefore, free and uncensored internet is a way of providing the most economic benefits to the disadvantaged in the societies. Argument II: Internet for a free and open society. The internet is one of the major components of a country’s infrastructural development and thus it opens up societies to the wider world. It is also one of the platf orms through which people are guaranteed free speech. Therefore, the internet is one of the most powerful manifestations of free and open societies. It is one of the tools for strengthening democracy because it is an avenue for free speech. Email, blogs and social network sites such as Facebook and twitter among others provides an opportunity for free speech and thus lead to the flourishment of democratic governance (Reporters without Borders 4). In Saudi Arabia, a country that aims to maintain a very strong religious identity, the government maintains a very strict control over the use of internet. This government censorship has increased public anger and activists are now protesting and demanding for free internet access. The figure below shows a censored website in Saudi Arabic. Source: Alharbi: Internet Censorship in Saudi Arabia.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While Saudis have turned to blogging as a tool for free speech, the Saudi government maintain a keen eye on internet content especially one that is deemed critical to the government. Due to the strict control of public inter-gender socialization; many women are now turning to the internet as an avenue to socialize (ONI ‘Saudi Arabia’, 1, 2). The table below shows that internet access by Saudi Arabians is still very low due to government censorship. One of the principles of the Social Contract Theory is that all people are equal and have a right to equal access to means that would ensure social and economic advancement. Every person in any society regardless of social standing and background has guaranteed inalienable rights and basic liberties such as freedom of expression, association, conscience, right to own property, right to life, and education among others. People have the right to enjoy those basic rights and liberties provided the enjoyment is not to the disadva ntage of others in the society (Quinn 88). Since the Saudis only want freedom to freely associate with others without causing harm to both fellow Saudis and the government, then government censorship of internet access is not justifiable at all. The diagram below shows the level of internet access in Saudi Arabia. Source: ONI: Internet filtering in Saudi Arabia Argument III: Internet censorship is against the rule of law. The passing of the bill by the United States Senate Judiciary Committee in 2010 that proclaimed to be combating online infringement and counterfeiting in online content is against the rule of the law. Even though the bill has gained much support from major stakeholders in such as Hollywood, the bill aims to blacklist certain website for restriction. This will be attained by blacklisting certain website domain names. Since it will be impossible to issue court injunctions to website owners, most of who are located outside United States, website registrars within the States will be issued with a court injunction to limit such access. The main problem with this move is that website domain name registrars will be required to keep large catalogues of blacklisted websites, and as such wrongly connect them to counterfeiting activities. This is unfair and against the rule of the law as website registrars have nothing to do with infringing activities of these websites and the court injunctions will be issued on mere accusations of infringement. Furthermore, they will neither be notified nor have an opportunity to contest with the injunction. This bill is thus unconstitutional and against the First Amendment of the American constitution (Lee paras 1 to 4). This move violates Neo Kantian constructivism which stipulates that an action can only be termed as moral if is it is justifiable beyond any reasonable doubt by those acting. Neo Kantian theorists also argue that an action must be for the goodwill of all and should also result to justice for all (Ear man 138 to 144). Quinn adds that an action is only justifiable if only it is for the purpose of the achievement of goodwill (71). Goodwill is defined as the intension of an action that is in line with duty (what ought to be done rather than what people want to do). The Bill is thus unjust because it violates Kantian ethics as it unjustly accuses website registrars of infringements. The government wants to censor internet but in doing so violates the constitutional rights of Americans. One of the government’s cardinal duties should be to protect the rule of the law. As such, the government should not censor the internet. Counter argument: Demerits of uncensored internet access Despite the fact that the internet is a way of opening up the world to new endless opportunities for social economic, personal and cultural developments, this should not obscure the fact that it also has detrimental effects. Consequently, some cases have warranted censorship by some governments in order to promote public common good and reduce chances of moral and social retrogression. Counter argument I: Unrestricted internet access might lead to personal,as well as societal retrogressiveness. Internet usage needs to be regulated as it might lead to societal retrogressiveness. The government needs to censor the internet against transmittal of obscene content and thus limit the spread of such vices that lead to moral retrogressiveness, such as child pornography. Research demonstrates that countries that have stringent laws prohibiting the internet pornography do have very low rates of rape and murder. Therefore, some countries such the United Kingdom passed the Obscene Publication Act that made it an offence for someone to use the internet to transit any material that is considered depraving or corrupting the morality of people (Bott 2). In the United States of America, research by University of New Hampshire shows that States such as Nebraska, which have as much as five times acce ss to internet pornography have eight times the number of rape cases than those States with limited access to pornography (KACST para 6). According to the Divine Moral Theory, there are a number of major religions such as Christianity, Islam, Hindu, Judaism and African traditional religions. Each of these religions has an established set rules and beliefs which form the basis of the establishment of morality for those who ascribe to that religion. Despite the fact that there may be variance in belief between these religions, they all believe in the existence of one supreme creator who made the law, which adherents of that particular religion consider sacred and supreme. Islam stipulates that Allah prefers that people should not have access to any thing that might turn their attention away from Him (KACST para 7). Since pornography is against the wish of Allah, then most of the Muslim countries censor the internet against pornography. It therefore becomes necessary for the government to control the use of the internet, in accordance with Divine morality ethics, for purposes that are outrightly morally harmful to the people. Counter argument II: Unrestricted Internet usage may cause harm to others Despite the fact that uncensored internet is for the advantage of free and open societies, freedom to use internet should not lead to any form of harm to others. Some governments claim that unrestricted internet is detrimental to the society as there are people who have been known to publish or transmit information through the internet for malicious purposes. This includes publishing private information about other people without their consent. It is also notable that people may tend to use the internet to publish or transmit private information for their own selfish gains. Most states in USA, such as California, New York, Florida, Indiana, Texas and many others, have implemented laws to prohibit any one to publish or use another person’s name or private informa tion, no matter how factual it is for exploitative purposes. Citizens of these States thus have the right to stop any individual or organization from using their names, or private facts. Such limitations include using the name or fact about a person without their permission for economic or any other gain that is not for public good. Furthermore, it is illegal to use the internet to publish or transmit information that may lead to the malicious damage of person’s reputation, no matter how factual that information is. It is sufficient to say that publishing information that is considered malicious is only allowed if it is not done maliciously and whose effect is for public good. This law was implemented by the United States government, as well as other governments, to avoid cases where by people use the internet to cause harm, disrepute or injure a person and thus protect such people against public embarrassment (Citizen Media Law para 1 – 4). This law follows the Princi ple of Utilitarianism based on the act of utility, which stipulates that an action is right if it promotes the greatest happiness to all, and wrong if it reduces the happiness to all. The measure of overall happiness and unhappiness is the net effect. If the net effect of happiness outweighs the net effect of unhappiness than the act that lead to such happiness is ethical. Furthermore, act utilitarianism argues that an action is wrong if it causes harm to someone (Quinn 72). Publishing information on the internet maliciously has a bigger net effect of unhappiness and as such the act causes personal harm and thus unethical. This justifies why the government needs to censor internet use to reduce chances of causing great unhappiness and harm to others. Such law has been to the advantage of the influential, public figures and celebrities. Counter argument III: Internet censorship to protect the rule of law. The government needs to censor internet usage so as to protect the rule of law. Suicide in whatever form is illegal and thus the internet should not be used for transmission of information that may lead to loss of life. The government of Australia sees it as its own responsibility to protect its citizen’s from such detriments and consequently has passed very strict laws that control the use of internet within the country’s borders. This law is contained in the Broadcasting Services Amendment Act 1999. Under this act the government of Australia has criminalized the use of the telephone, the fax, as well as the internet, to pass any information that may cause people to take away their lives. Any information intended to be published or transmitted through these media is vetted by a government controlled body. Contained in this law is the Suicide Related Materials Offences Act which bars the transmission of any information that promotes the act of suicide amongst Australians (Commonwealth of Australia 1). According to the Devine Moral Theory, there i s a supreme being who is the creator and controller of life. As such, morality is defined by the Supreme Being. An action is only morally right if it pleases the Supreme Being. According to the Devine Moral Theory, life is sacred and no person has the right to take it away. Therefore, it is unethical to use internet to promote or help a person end his or her life or provide others, through the internet, with information that will be used for the purposes of termination of life. This theory is intended to promote the dignity of life and argues that no one has the right to end life other than the Devine creator (Quinn 66 – 68). Rebuttal: Unrestricted internet access is still beneficial than restricted access Despite the genuine causes for internet censorship, Internet access and usage should be free of all government interference. According to the G8, internet is one of the most effective tools earmarked as drivers of economic growth and development in developing countries, as well as economic prosperity for developed countries. This is because internet provides infinite opportunities for social-economic development of the majority in communities. These eventually lead to improved standards of living and personal development. As such, uncensored internet promotes general well being, common good and advancement for all. Conclusion Internet should be free from all government control. This is because free internet has a number of advantages in comparison to censored internet access and usage. Internet is a fast and reliable means of efficient transfer of information and therefore opens up people to a world of free information. Therefore, not only does it lead to economic growth but it is also a means of better governance. Through the internet, democracies flourish, so does free speech. Despite the fact that the internet has been used negatively to cause harm to people, as well as deny them individual rights, its benefits have ensured that the common good and happiness for the majority is achieved. 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