'Antibiotics'

'Antibiotics - particular(a) products w / occupation m / organisms and their modifications , which take for high Physiol . action at law against veritable groups of m / org . ( Vir expenditures bikteriyam , fungi, algae ) or malignant tumors. call for in truly small concentrations ( super specific ) . use in medication , veterinary pract scratch of medicine , s / x, the nourishment industry as preservatives ) . There argon about 6000 a / biotics , which atomic number 18 produced by fungi , Streptomyces (50% A / B ), bacterium . In med.praktike use about century a / biology . Prepared and / biology . by chemic substance or b / chem. trans validation. Resistant forms plagiarize m / org - read new and / biological science . T + - penicillin , erythromycin . L tetracycline, streptomycin . may be undertake spectrum : benzilpen , povobiotsin ; wide spectrum - tetracycline and penicillin and other tsenfalosporin - cut back cadre protect tax deduction . L - peptidogl ycan - 5-10% by charge . F + - 50-90 % of peptidoglycan , it forms a la bitated structure of crosslinked . pen acts on F + bacteria. But has no effect on G- . Peptidoglycan synthesis hard-fought . Disrupt membrane function and conquers NK . A / biology matches inhibit protein synthesis : on the ribosome :\n\nTetracycline inhibits mnogoie metalloenzymes . tail assembly non gap through the membrane of a eukaryotic cell . The high cost of scientific research . (Development and / biota ) .\n\nSelection more than active permeate .\n\nP 5-20 mg / l streptomycin\n\n( the innovation\n\n20-25 g / l streptomycin contemporary\n\nSpontan.mut .\n\n exercise of immobilized cells and enzymes - to intensify . unvarying agitation ( a / biota are secondary metabolites , their synthesis bring forths aft(prenominal) the delimitation of producing harvesting , cell growth ) . When s.P curb factor yavl. glucose and the issue of some / biota -ing ( Streptomyces ) - phosphates .\n\n hul labaloo: aerophilic process .\n\nVo2 = 0.3 - 1.5 min -1 .\n\nProst.rekt . with a mechanized stirrer : V = 30-200 cbm .\n\nCooling and defoaming . after agitation, b / the great unwashed separated on different filters.\n\nfermentation\n\n(\n\nFiltration ( draw upion , UV , ruination as body of piddle-in dissolvable compounds )\n\n(\n\nDrying ( lyophilization ), teetotaling by different methods ( freeze- (sublimation of ice\n\n( vacuum) , or atomiser )\n\nDosage forms ( tableting , encapsulation )\n\nPenicillin : nitrogen-containing heterocyclic .\n\nPenicillin ( penicillin G ) and immobilizer - bentonite.\n\nBP ( 6-APA ( utilise for synthesis ) .\n\nFrom the chemical properties : penicillin amidase ( upper catalyzes the reaction .) Its hydrolytic decomposition at pH> 7 or maintenance of certain factors .\n\nPennitsiloinovaya - inactive dicarboxylic superman (under the invite penitsilllinaza ) .\n\nHas a tasting for various rearrangements . Leads to the formation of di fferent isomers , which are responsible for commandment allergii.Penitsillin is produced by go under culture . intense penicillin synthesis begins after the accumulation of vauntingly amounts of biomass - mitselliya.Pri use of glucose and lactic bitter in the specialty, pH . obr.iz predschestvennikov : phenylacetic acid\n\nPreparing for fermentation , prototypic multiply disputes millet in vials at 25 - 27oC for 4-5 days. Obtained provoked materaly seeded inoculators indeed sowing machines (12-18 hours).\n\nFermentation .\n\nCultured ukuruzny extract ( 2-3%) ,\n\nglucose ( 2 %) considerably usvayaemaya lactose - 1%\n\nsulat ammonium ion ion phosphates + (0.5-1 %)\n\nFook derivatives - 0.3 - 0.6 %\n\nTo becalm the pH - chalk. Kashalotovy rich - Antifoam adjusting pH. Lactose provides a complete synthesis and / biota . Its consumption does not begin immediately . basic phase of addiction , accumulates an enzyme capable of cleaving it .\n\nWhen fermentation is strictly undeniable aseptic ( away m / vegetation produces penitsillazu inactivates synthesis).\n\nFermentation 100,000 units / ml.\n\n(\n\nFiltering mycelium use in tool husbandry.\n\nKZH3 6 % DM\n\nmineral in the islands 30-40% 15-30 % penicillin\n\nA blown-up number of protein zatpr . SEL. foams.\n\nFor udalenpiya protein : 1 ) was treated with salts of aluminum, adjure , coat. 2) Use the curdling with tannin . 3 ) Thermal curdling (QoL is heated to 65-70 degrees. )\n\nFor cleanup position use ~ source of penicillin . It is acid soluble in org.rastvoritelyah and a salt - water .\n\nPins extracts butyl acetate , pH = 2. Temperature 4 degrees. (translated in the org . phase )\n\nA solution of atomic number 11 carbonate. PH = 6.5-7 (translated into water 30-50 megabyte diazepam / ml)\n\nButyl acetate line of descent 50-70 thousand units / ml\n\nRecovery microscope gunpoint ukristall.soley 1 ) ​​stage of dehydration by cooling to minus 16-18 degrees , followed by fi ltration of ice. remotion of pigment contaminant - Ay. 2) Poluch.kontsentrat 0.6M Con . PH = 6.5 , the activity of 150-250 thousand standard units / ml. 3) Sterilizing f- tion and vapor under vacuum with the addition of butanol ( for mixtures boiling at a lower temp.)\n\nTemperature 16-25 c. , 5-10 mm Hg vacuum\n\n kibibyte salt of penicillin crystallizes . Its filtrate was washed with butanol. granulation and drying of pastes in a vacuum oven at 75-80 deg. And 10 mm Hg\n\nTsefalosparin ( laktanovy antibiotic) .\n\nHydrolysis of ( A 7 -ta tsefalosparinovaya not des penitsillinazoy joyful .\n\nStreptomycin ( aminoglycoside and / biota ) . 2 basic guanidine group. substantially obrazubt salts with acids Minh 3 -Cl- render . In medicine, lots use a sulfuric acid salt of streptomycin . knotty polysaccharide . Carbohydrates not only growth form m / org . But too participate in the biosynthesis of (glucose , amylum , fructose , ...). lowlife grow on media containing belk.N : so y flour, dry yeast, oil cakes . Added ammonium salts , phosphorus, which promotes digestion of carbohydrates. Meterial inoculum is premier prepared in shake flasks inoculum was and so transferred to , and then sown in a bountiful apparatus , and then the fermentor (70 h). Nutrient medium : glucose kukuruznfy extract nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc , manganese , atomic number 12 , iron , ammonium salts , chalk . Aeration and temp.26 -28 deg. , stir 7-8 days .'