Overview of Epilepsy

Overview of EpilepsyEpilepsyTable of ContentsIntroduction . Page 1What is epilepsy? . Page 2Diagnosis Page 2-4Types of Seizures . Page 5-9Types of Treatments . Pages 9-10Further enquiry Pages 11-12physiologic issues with Epilepsy .. Page 12Conclusion .. Pages 12-13References .. Pages 14-15IntroductionEpilepsy is a neurological incommode that targets 1 in 100 slew in North America. Epilepsy is unrivaled of precise few diseases without a definite cure. In fact scientists to this day trickful non figure out what triggers these raptuss. This is quite amazing considering the modern technologies medicine uses today. Throughout my report I im voice explain what epilepsy is and what happens during an epileptic seizure, I allow cover the different categories of seizures, how doctors diagnose epilepsy, and different figures of treatment to help the long-sufferings with epilepsy.What is epilepsy?Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that attacks the nervous system. round other term for epilepsy is seizure disorder (www.epilepsy.com). To this day the exact factor that triggers an epileptic seizure is unk flat. In other words epileptic seizures be idiopathic (Ogden, 2005). Seizures occur when too many capitulum cells get excited at the same time. A seizure is homogeneous an electrical storm in your hotshot. During this electrical storm your mastermind cannot perform its usual tasks, causing explosive changes in behaviour, sensations, movement, and awargonness (www.epilepsysociety.org.uk). A typical seizure usually last among a few seconds, to a few minutes. Once the seizure is finished the victim enters a post-ictal period. (The greek word post meaning after, and the Hellenic work ictal meaning seizure http//www.behindthename.com). During this post-ictal period, which can last from seconds to hours, the wittiness develops recovering, and the victims awareness will gradually increase. It is habitual to experience muddiness and drowsiness during this anatomy.DiagnosisEpilepsy is the conditions of having spontaneous seizures. This means having one seizure is not adequate to be diagnosed with epilepsy, there must be ii or more. To be considered an epileptic seizure the seizure must occur spontaneously, without a direct factor (www.epilepsy.com). Doctors use three important ways to diagnose epilepsy.Neurological accounting Doctors must be given specific description of previous seizures in the erstwhile(prenominal). Such as how long they lasted, what were you doing when the seizure occurred, what was your bodys behaviour/ olfactory sensation before the seizure took place, and your bodys behaviour after the seizure ended (www.modernmedicine.com) People who suffer from having seizures do not remember what happens while a seizure takes place. That being said a description from a witness to your seizures could be genuinely secure (www.epilepsyfoundation.org).Electroencephalograph An electroencephalograph or an encephalogram i s the most cat valium prick used to diagnose epilepsy. An EEG measuresthe electrical signals passed from one neuronto another within the brain(www.epilepsyfoundation.org) ( see image 1).To measure these electrical signals doctorsattach wires, known as electrodes, on thepatients scalp (www.chp.edu). During an EEGno electricity is taken from the patients brain,and no electricity is injected into the patientsbrain. The EEG simply measures the electrical rate of flow travelling through the patients brain.Magnetic Resonance Imaging a magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic resonance imaging is a surgical operation used to create detailed images of the damaged area of your body. When diagnose epilepsy an magnetic resonance imaging can show damaged regions of your frontal lobe. (see figure 2) Wu XingXiaovi WangFangfang Xie Weihua, L. (2013) An MRI is done by using a large field of radio waves. An MRI is much more effective than an EEG, the neuron images created from an MRI shows exact ly where the damaged area of the brain is (Robert F. LaPrade) From there procedures can made to repair or remove the damaged section of the frontal lobe that is causing epileptic seizures.Types of epileptic SeizuresEpileptic seizures are a very broad term. When diagnosing the type of epileptic seizures doctors categorize in two main categories fond(p) derivative seizures, and primary cistronralized seizures. Within these two main categories there are more specific types of seizures (Stephen C. Schachter).The first category is primary generalized seizures. When a primary generalized seizure takes place both sides of the brain are affected at once, with a large amount of electrical discharge at the same time. The body is then accompanied by sudden movements, loss of awareness, or loss of consciousness. There are three types of primary generalized seizuresClonic seizure (Grand Mal) This type of seizure that most people attend when they hear the word seizure. When a clonic seizure takes place the victim will stiffen and discharge consciousness. This is the tonic conformation. The tonic phase usually lasts from thirty seconds, to a couple minutes (www.hopkinsmedicine.org). Next the bodys muscles then start to contract and back will begin to arch, and elbows and legs will start the flex. The last phase of the clonic seizure is jerking. The victim will lose all control of their body and will begin to jerk uncontrollably, this phase usually lasts around two or three minutes (www.nlm.nih.gov).Absence seizures (Petit Mal) Absence seizures disconnect the victim from the world for a matter of a few seconds. This type of seizure is triggered from ab principle activity in the brain. Absence seizures occur mostly in children (www.epilepsy.com). There are two types of absence seizure seizure Simple absence seizures, and mixed absence seizures.Simple Absence seizure Usually last ten seconds or less. During these ten seconds the person partitions out or stares off i nto the distance. This type of seizure is very difficult to diagnose (www.mayoclinic.org).Complex absence seizures Usually lasts twenty seconds or less. During this time period then victim will zone out provided will also be doing some sort of movement, such as chewing, blinking, hand motions, or rubbing their fingers. (www.epilepsy.com).Myoclonic seizures A myoclonic seizure is very brief, whole lasting a matter of seconds. During this few seconds both sides of your body has sudden jerks at exactly the same time. During a myoclonic seizure the patient does not lose consciousness and does not have any memory loss (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). A myoclonic seizure can be compared to being in click with a single jolt of electricity, sudden hiccups, or the jolt of waking up from sleep state very quickly (www.hopkinsmedicine.org) (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). Like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures are hard to diagnose and usually over looked because the seizures are so brief.The second c ategory is overtone seizures. When partial seizure takes place there is a large amount of electrical discharge in a certain area of the brain (Mary Ellen Ellis, July 25, 2012). Since only a specific location of the brain is effected, only a specific location of the body will be effected, depending on the location of the seizure in the brain. There are two types of partial seizures Complex partial seizures, and sincere partial seizures.Simple partial seizures A typical simple partial seizure usually last between 30 seconds to two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). When a patient has a simple partial seizure they are fully awake, alert, and able to interact with peers around them. The patient might lose one of their senses temporarily, be unable to move one of their fingers, or even stiffen one of their body parts (www.epilepsy.com). For the seizure to be considered a simple partial seizure memory, awareness, and consciousness must be preserved.Complex partial seizure Similar to sim ple partial seizures, a complex partial seizure typically last between 30 seconds and two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). During a complex partial seizure there are symptoms known as automatisms. Automatisms inhabit of lip-smacking, chewing, walking or pacing back and forth, swallowing, patting or fumbling (emedicine.medscape.com). A main difference between the two types of partial seizures is consciousness, awareness, or memory is impaired. inappropriate primary generalized seizures, partial seizures usually have a warning sign to inform the patient a seizure is near. This warning sign is called an ambience (Columbia University, P. (2013)). An standard pressure usually takes place a few seconds, or a few minutes before the seizure occurs. Auras can roll in the hay in many different ways, such as numbness, headaches, being light-headed, upset stomach, dizziness, the sensation of fear, forced thinking, abnormal sensations, or unusual tingle in a certain area of your body. When an epileptic patient senses one or more of these symptoms there is high probability a partial seizure will be soon to follow (William H. Blahd, Jr, August 25, 2011).Types of Epileptic TreatmentThe most common type of epileptic treatment is anti-epileptic drugs or AEGs. With over twenty different choices lxx portion of epileptic patients choose anti-epileptic drugs. Although these medications to not cure epilepsy, it only suppresses the seizures (see figure 3, located on the top of the next page) (www.webmd.com). The way this medication works is by lowering the amount of electricity individually neuron passes in the brain. This type of treatment is very useful in cases of generalized seizures. The only down get off from using anti-epileptic drugs is the side effects and because the medication acts on the brain and the body there is numerous side effects. The main four side effects are headaches, balancing troubles, more difficult to focus your eyes, and trouble thinking properly. This medication is not guaranteed to work in some cases patients experience both seizures and side effects. When this occurs a untried treatment is needed. This can be a switch to a different anti-epileptic drug or a non-medicated treatment (Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadis). If a patient does not have a seizure for two years and shows no sign of epilepsy on an EEG the doctor will slowly begin to ease off the medication. (FAULKNER M. A. (2014))The other option of treatment for patients with epilepsy is the non-pharmaceutical route. Although anti-epileptic drugs have the highest success rate, non-medicated treatment has substantial research to view as it (www.epilepsyontario.org). Brain surgery is the most common non-medicated treatment the only issue with brain surgery is that it only works for partial seizures. The reason why is only works on partial seizures is because doctors can locate the specific area of the brain and remove sections of it. On grand mal seizures both hemisphe res are triggered at the same time, in order to fix the epileptic problems doctors would have to remove too much of the brain, the patient would not equal (www.epilepsyontario.org). New research always shows provender can be very beneficial his is called the ketogenic diet. Its takes a lot of commitments considering no sweets or treats are allowed and 80 percent of the diet must be fatty foods, but low in carbohydrates. The ketogenic diet has success rates from 30 percent up to 50 percent (www.epilepsyontario.com).Further researchEpilepsy has become more and more common in the past 20 years. Now that it has become more common scientists all over the world are beginning to political campaign for a cure, weather that is a young class of medicine, gene therapy, or a non-medicated cure. The newest research for curing epilepsy is gene therapy. In 2009 scientist were able to figure out that the gene for epilepsy is located on chromosome 15 also known as 15q13.3. (www.sciencedaily.com) . With this knowledge and the proper technologies scientists can inject a virus containing the normal gene into chromosome where the epileptic mutation is. From there the normal gene will splice into the DNA strand, fixing the abnormal gene. In result epilepsy will be cured from the patient, and when they reproduce they can pass on a normal gene to their children. With this being said we can potentially remove epilepsy from our society. So far scientists have been able to cure rats with epilepsy using gene therapy, and now they have also been successful in Border Collie dogs. (Keijiro MizukamiAkira Yabukihye-Sook ChangUddin, M.) Another example of further research is new drug classes for epilepsy that are advancing each year. A good example of this is September 2013 a new epileptic drug called Perampanel was released in United States. This new drug showed up to 35 percent more responsive outcomes than any other drug on the market. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The only factor that is hold ing science back from curing epilepsy is funding. There is not enough funding going into epilepsy research. With the proper amount of Government funding or public donations epilepsy would be cured within the matter of phoebe bird years from now.Physiological Issues with Epileptic patientsEpilepsy does not affect the patient only physically, but also mentally and emotionally. Patients who suffer from epilepsy also have to deal with low vanity. Low self-esteem and epilepsy go hand and hand because patients with epilepsy are afraid of going out in public, or even doing the normal day to day things because the thought of having a seizure in public. (Ogden, 2005) It is extremely embarrassing for a patient suffering from epilepsy to have a seizure in front of their friends, family, or even strangers. Another emotional barrier that is part of suffering from epilepsy is the thought of never getting a drivers license. Not getting a drivers license bring outs everything in a normal adult l ife difficult. From getting to work, or getting groceries, or any sort of transportation. In some cases epilepsy makes the patient one hundred percent dependent on other people.ConclusionLife with epilepsy makes any day to day task more difficult. Epilepsy has impacted millions of people in a negative manner but further research is getting close to a cure, by using gene therapy research, and finding new classes of medicine. With the proper funding from the government epileptic medicine will continue to grow and be redefined. The research going into epilepsy is constantly growing, at this rate epilepsy will have a definite cure within the next decade, and using gene therapy epilepsy will also be removed from our society all together, allowing everyone to live epileptic free.Resourceshttp//www.behindthename.com/names/usage/greek-mythologyhttp//epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-101/what-epilepsyOgden, 2005http//www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/what-epilepsy.UzXDJPnIZ5Vhttp//www.professinals.epilep sy.com/page/after_ab_poshttp//www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsyhttp//cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Epilepsy-Program/Diagnosing-Epilepsy/http//www.modernmedicine.com/modern-medicine/news/neurological-assessment-refresherhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=11sid=467a451f-9d21-4962-a627-675ecbe6d893%40sessionmgr4004hid=4204bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=94116054http//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=867d5b74-4a00-46de-86e1-686c17975c83%40sessionmgr4003hid=4112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=85968889 suppose 2 http//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/seizure-mrihttp//www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures http//www.hopkinsmedicine.orghttp//nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000695http//epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absense-seizureshttp//mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/basics/definition/con-20021252http//www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/myoclonic-seizures http//www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurge ry/specialty_areas/epilepsy/seizures/types/myoclinc-seizures.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183962-overviewhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183853-overviewhttp//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=e018e8f4-ed9b-4c77-929f-f00e8685f286%40sessionmgr115hid=103bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=khhAN=39005165 (EBSCO 3)http//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizureshttp//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizures William H. Blahd, Jrhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/emailprotectedgr4005vid=5ui=16088672id=59600950parentui=59600950tag=ANdb=aqh Image 3http//www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187334-overview Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadishttp//epilepsyontario.org/non-pharmaceutical-treatments/http//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=b0940d9f-1c3e-465e-af24-23be73f63bc7%40sessionmgr110hid=122bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=15877590 http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090114075919.htmhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=d6e55ff9-b6e5-4 a6d-ab81-7e59cc92f267%40sessionmgr4001hid=4209bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=95333447Overview of EpilepsyOverview of EpilepsyTASK 3REPORT ON EPILEPSYEpilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by sudden episodes of bodily disturbance, loss of consciousness, or seizures, related to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.Anything that injuries the brain can result in epilepsy. Some of the common causes are head injuries and strokes. Other more infrequent causes are brain tumours and some genetic disorders like tuber sclerosis.A seizure is the only observable symptom of epilepsy. There are various types of seizures and symptoms of each type. Seizures typically last from a few seconds to a few minutes. A person may lose awareness. They may not recall what occurred during the seizure or may not even realise they had a seizure.Seizures that make you fall to the ground or make the muscles stiffen or move out of control are easy to recognise. Some seizures might make you gaze into space for a few seconds. Others may only involve a few muscle jerks, a turn of the head, or an odd smell.Epileptic seizures often happen without notice. A seizure ends when the abnormal electrical activity in the brain stops and brain activity begins to return to normal.Idiopathic utter EpilepsyIn idiopathic generalised epilepsy, there is often a genetic history of epilepsy. Idiopathic generalised epilepsy have a tendency to appear during childishness although it may not be diagnosed until maturity. In this type of epilepsy, no nervous system condition, other than the seizures, can be identified on either an EEG (EEG a test which measures electrical impulses in the brain) or MRI (imaging studies).People with idiopathic generalised epilepsy have ordinary brainpower and the outcomes of the neurological exam and MRI are usually normal. The results of the EEG test may show epileptic releases affecting one or more areas.The types of seizures that affect patients with idiopathic g eneralised epilepsyMyoclonic seizures (unexpected and very short length of jerking)Absence seizures (staring spells)Generalised tonic-clonic seizures (affect the entire brain)Idiopathic Partial EpilepsyIdiopathic partial epilepsy begins in youth (between ages 5 and 8) and may be part of a family history. It is considered one of the mildest types of epilepsy. It is almost always out braggart(a) by puberty and is never diagnosed in adults.Seizures tend to arise during sleep and are most often partial motor seizures that involve the face. This type of epilepsy is usually identified with an EEG.Symptomatic Generalised EpilepsySymptomatic generalised epilepsy is caused by brain damage. For example, injury during birth is the most common cause of symptomatic generalised epilepsy. When the cause of symptomatic general epilepsy cannot be identified, the disorder may be referred to as cryptogenic epilepsy.Symptomatic Partial EpilepsySymptomatic partial epilepsy is the most common type of epi lepsy that begins in maturity, but it does occur often in children. This type of epilepsy is caused by a local condition of the brain, which can meaning from strokes, tumours, trauma, birth brain condition, scarring of brain tissue, cysts, or infections.These brain conditions can be seen on MRI scans, but often they cannot be recognised, because they are microscopic.Symptomatic partial epilepsy may be successfully treated with surgery.Identify and watch for a specific behaviour or physical and emotional signs that come before attacks. Its not exceptional, to feel annoyed or joyful several hours prior to the seizure, and immediately before the attack.The person may become conscious of a warning aura perhaps a taste or a smell. This notice may let the person to lie down in time to avoid move down. In situations where the aura is a smell, some people are capable of fighting off seizures by smelling a strong odour, such as garlic or roses. When the first signs include depression, irri tability, or a headache, an extra dosage of medication may help prevent an attack.Electroencephalogram (EEG)An EEG test measures the electrical activity of your brain through electrodes placed on your scalp. During the test, a person might be asked to breathe deeply or to close their eyes, as these activities could expose unfamiliar brain activity related to epilepsy.A person might also be asked to gaze at a flashing light, but the test will be stopped immediately if it seems like the flashing light could cause a seizure.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ScanAn MRI scan can often spot possible causes of epilepsy, such as faults in the structure of your brain or the existence of a brain tumour.At the moment there is no remedy for epilepsy.Anti Epileptic Drug (AED)Anti Epileptic Drugs are commonly the first choice of treatment. They work by changing the levels of chemicals in your brain. This reduces the chances of seizures. Around 70% control their seizures with AED.Vagus Nerve Stim ulation (VNS)Vagus Nerve Stimulation is a therapy that is recommended when the Anti-Epileptic Drug dont work and epilepsy is unperturbed poorly controlled. This involves surgically implanting an electrical device, like a pacemaker, under the skin, near the collarbone. The electrical device has a lead that is bound around one of the restiveness on the left side of your neck, identified as the vagus nerve. The electrical device passes a regular amount of electricity to the nerve to stimulate it. This can help to reduce the occurrence of seizures.Surgical procedureSurgery will only be suggested if a single area of one side of the brain is causing seizures. As with all types of surgery, this surgical procedure carries a threat. One person in 100 has a stroke after surgery and five in 100 suffer from memory problems. Yet, around 70% of people who suffer from epilepsy, after the surgical procedure they become absolutely free of seizures.Epilepsy Ireland was established in 1966 by a gro up of people who were eager to progress the quality of life of people with epilepsy in Ireland.Over 50 years, Epilepsy Ireland have grown and expanded. They now provide a range of services from their head office in Dublin and from regional offices in Cork, Dundalk, Galway, Kerry, Kilkenny, Letterkenny, Limerick, Sligo and Tullamore.Epilepsy Ireland is committed to working and consulting the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland and their families.Certain objectives of Epilepsy Ireland are to be committed to working and considering the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland. To provide support, information and advice on health to people who are dealing with epilepsy. To take over any awareness campaigns to improve peoples understanding of epilepsy, also to increase funds to support its work in an awareness-creating method. One of their main objective is to assume, inspire and support research into the source of epilepsy and a cure for it.Many people with epilepsy live stand ard lives. Progressive brain scans and other procedures allow greater accurateness in diagnosing epilepsy and defining when a patient may be aided by surgery. More than 20 different medications and a diversity of surgical methods are now available and offer good control of seizures for most people with epilepsy. Other treatment selections include the ketogenic diet and the vagus nerve stimulator. Research on the essential causes of epilepsy, include the recognition of genes for some types of epilepsy and seizures, it has managed a great improvement of understanding about epilepsy that may lead to more effective treatments or even some new ways of preventing epilepsy in the future.Works citedhttp//www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/info.what_is_epilepsy.what_causes_epilepsy_.htmlhttp//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/tc/epilepsy-symptomshttp//www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/epilepsy-basics?page=2http//www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/E/Epilepsy/http//www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/about.html